Psych Modules 20-22

learning

relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of an experince

classical conditioning

a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response because it is repeatedly paired with a behaviorally relevant stimulus

unconditioned stimulus

naturally, automatically triggers a response

Unconditional response

unlearned natural response to the unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned stimulus

initially neutral

Conditioned Response

learned response from conditioned stimulus and is the same as the unconditioned response

Acquisition

initial phase of learning, repeatedly pairing the unconditioned with the neutral stimulus

Extinction

unlearning of the conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus

Spontaneous recovery

Recovery of the conditioned response after some time has passed

Generalization

tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to a conditioned stimulus

Discrimination

ability to respond differently to various stimuli

conditioned emotional resposes

Fear conditioning, PTSD, exposure therapy, taste aversion

fear conditioning

learned association between a neutral stimulus and a negative event

Exposure Therapy

extinction of a conditioned response

Conditioned taste aversion

acquired dislike or disgust of food and occur after single exposure

Operant conditioning

learning in which behavior is determined by consequences

consequence

not always bad and can be reinforcing or punishing

Contingent

consequence that depends upon an action

Reinforcement

when a consequence results in an increase in the behavior, two kinds; positive and negative

positive reinforcement

consequence involves something being given or added which increases the behavior

Negative reinforcement

consequence involves something being reduced, removed, or avoided to increase behavior

Primary rienforcer

normally satisfy an unlearned biological need

Secondary reinforcer

learned value is being satisfied

Punishment

consequence results in a decrease in behavior

Positive punishment

consequence results in something being presented or give which reduces the behavior

Negative punishment

consequence involves something being taken away which reduces behavior

shaping

reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desired response

schedule of reinforcement

acts as a way of shaping

continuous reinforcement

reinforce every response

Partial reinforcement

reinforce only some responses based on intervals or ratios

Intervals

reinforcement based on time

Ratio

reinforcement based on number of responses

schedules

fixed and variable ratios and intervals

fixed ratio

reinforcement delivered after a specific number of behaviors

variable ratio

reinforcement delivered after a random number of behaviors, based around the mean

fixed interval

reinforces a first response set after a certain amount of time

variable interval

reinforcement occurs after different amounts of time pass and varies around the average

superstitious behavior

can occur because of random enforcement

Memory

storage and retrieval of information

control processes

determines what information

sensory memory

very brief, but long enough to determine what to attend to; two types: Iconic and Echoic

Iconic memory

visual memory that lasts .5-1 second

Echoic Memory

auditory memory that lasts less than 5 seconds

Selective attention

what moves from sensoryto shortt-termm memory; what we are actually paying attention to

Short term (working) memory

holds information that you are currently thinking about, attending to, or processing; can hold 5-9 pieces of info at a time

chunking

combining information into meaningful groups (5-9 chinks at a time)

rehearsal

maintenance for short-term memory and sending it to long term memory; repeating the information

Long-term memory

lasting storage of information about facts, experiences, and sills; two categories: declarative and non-declarative

Declrative

knowing that something happens; memories recalled with awareness and can be described and verbalized

Non-declarative

knowing how to do something; behaviors that can be performed and remembered w/o awareness

Procedural

how to do things

Hippocampus

creation of new declarative memories; not involved in remote, procedural, or working memory

Anterograde Amnesia

inability to form new memories after brain damage; damage to the hippocampus

Retrograde amnesia

inability to retrieve memories or events before brain damage

Serial position effect

tend to remember the first and last part of a list

primary effect

beginning

regency effect

end

levels of processing

more meaningful encoding is, the more likely you will remember it

Shallow

not thinking deep about it or connecting it to past knowledge

deep

thinking meaningfully about the meaning of the phrase or word and connecting it to past knowledge