Tags & Description
Arrhenius Acids
Produce hydrogen ions (H⁺) when they dissociate in water
Are also electrolytes (bc they make H+ in water)
Sour taste
My sting to the touch
Arrhenius Bases
Produce hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water
Are electrolytes (bc they make OH⁻ in water)
Chalky, bitter taste
Soapy, slippery to the touch
What color do Arrhenius bases vs acids turn litmus paper?
Bases: Blue
Acids: Red
What color do Arrhenius bases vs acids turn using phenolphthalein indicators?
Bases: Pink
Acids: Colorless
Naming Acids (hydrogen ion and a nonmetal)
What is the exception to the nonmetal rule?
Exception: CN⁻ also counts although its a polyatomic
HCN, is called hydrocyanic acid
Use the prefix Hydro- and end with -ic acids
Use the name of the element in between (first syllable prob)
HCl = Hydrochloric acid
Naming Acids (hydrogen ion and a polyatomic)
Change the end of the polyatomic name
Polyatomic ends in ‘ate‘ = ic acid
HClO₃⁻; take out the H+ you get ClO₃²⁻ which is chlorate so HClO₃⁻ is chloric acid
Polyatomic ends in ‘ite‘ = ous acid
HClO₂; take out the H+ and you get ClO₂⁻ which is chlorite so HClO₂ is chlorous acid
Naming Bases
What’s the exception?
Exception: NH₃ which is ammonia
Typical bases are named as hydroxides
NaOH → sodium hydroxide
Ba(OH)₂ → barium hydroxide
Br∅nwsted-Lowry Thory
An acid is a substance that donates H⁺ (donor)
A base is a substance that accepts H⁺ (recepient)
How does NH₃ act as a Br∅nwsted-Lowry base
Why?
When combined with water, NH₃ acts as a base that accepts H⁺ from H₂O
The nitrogen in NH₃ has a stronger attraction for the H⁺ than the oxygen, so water acts as the donating acid
What is H⁺ also referred to as?
H₃O⁺ = hydronium ion
A proton
Why is an hydrogen ion also called a proton?
Hydrogen atoms which have only one electron lose that one electron to become an ion leaving only one proton behind
Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
There are two in any acid-base reaction
Each pair is related by the loss and gain of H⁺
One pair occurs in the forward direction and another in the reverse direction
HA + B ⇌ A⁻ + BH⁺
HA and A⁻ is a pair
B and BH⁺ is a pair
Amphoteric Substances
Substances that can act as both acids and bases
Water is an example
How is water an amphoteric substance?
It can act as both a base and an acid
Becomes OH⁻
If it acts as a acid
When it reacts with a stronger base
H₃O⁺
If it acts as a base
When it reacts with a stronger acid
What are Amphoteric Substances also called?
Amphiprotic
Strong and Weak Acids
Dissociation
Strong acids ionize 100% in an aqueous solution
Weak acids dissociate only slightly in water to form a few ions in an aqueous solution
Strong Acids
HA(strong acid) Ions dissociate 100%
Produce large concentrations of H₃O⁺ and the anion (A⁻)
HI(aq) + H₂O(l) → H₃O⁺(aq) + O⁻(aq)
Weak Acids
Only a few molecules dissociate; most stay in the undissociated molecular form of the acid
The concentrations of H₃O⁺ and the anion (A⁻) are low
HF(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₃O⁺(aq) + F⁻(aq)
Diprotic Acids
Some strong/weak acids have two H⁺ which dissociate one at a time
Reacts twice
Diprotic Acid: Carbonic Acid
Weak diprotic acid
First reaction:
H₂CO₃(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₃O⁺(aq) + HCO₃⁻(aq)
Second Reaction:
HCO₃⁻(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₃O⁺(aq) + ClO₃²⁻(aq)
Both are reversible reactions due to the acid’s weak nature
Note that HCO₃⁻(bicarbonate) is amphoteric because it can become ClO₃²⁻(conjugate base) or H₂CO₃(conjugate acid)
Diprotic Acid: Sulfuric Acid
Strong diprotic acid
First reaction:
H₂SO₄(aq) + H₂O(l) → H₃O⁺(aq) + HSO₄⁻(aq)
Second Reaction:
HSO₄⁻(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₃O⁺(aq) + SO₄²⁻(aq)
Only the second reaction is reversible due to the acid’s strong nature, but the HSO₄⁻ formed after the first reaction is weak
Note that HSO₄⁻ is amphoteric because it can become SO₄²⁻(conjugate base) or H₂SO₄(conjugate acid)
Strong Bases
Strong electrolytes
Formed from metals of groups 1A and 2A
Include LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)₂, Sr(OH)₂, Ca(OH)₂
Dissociate completely in water
However, they have low solubility
KOH(s) → K⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq)
Weak Bases
Weak electrolytes
Poor acceptors of H⁺ ions; not readily available to accept the H⁺
Produce very few ions in solution
Include ammonia NH₃
NH₃(g) + H₂O(l) ⇌ NH₄⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq)
Conjugate acid-base pairs exist
⇌ = equilibrium, doesn’t dissociate completely
What is the rule with acids and their conjugate base?
The stronger an acid is, the weaker its conjugate base is
What are the strong acids?
HCI = hydrochloric acid
HBr = hydrobromic acid
HI = hydroiodic acid
H₂SO₄ = sulfuric acid
HClO₄ = perchloric acid
HNO₃ = nitric acid
What are the strong bases?
What group are they in?
LiOH = Grp 1
NaOH = Grp 1
KOH = Grp 1
RbOH = Grp 1
CsOH = Grp 1
Ca(OH)₂ = Grp 2
Sr(OH)₂ = Grp 2
Ba(OH)₂ = Grp 2
In an acid-base reaction, are both the acids and bases of the same strength?
Nope, one base will be stronger and one acid will be stronger
How do you determine the direction of an reaction?
By comparing the relative strengths of the acids and bases in the reaction
How does a reaction move?
Strong → Weak
What are the directions of these reactions and what type of reaction are they?
Reactants: H₂SO₄ and H₂O Products: H₃O⁺ and HSO₄⁻
Reactants: CO₃²⁻ and H₂O Products: OH⁻ and HCO₃⁻
Reactants: H₂SO₄ and H₂O Products: H₃O⁺ and HSO₄⁻
H₂SO₄ and H₂O = stronger acid and base
H₃O⁺ and HSO₄⁻ = weaker acid and base
The reaction is normal →
Reactants: CO₃²⁻ and H₂O Products: OH⁻ and HCO₃⁻
CO₃²⁻ and H₂O = weaker acid and base
OH⁻ and HCO₃⁻ = stronger acid and base
The reaction is reversible ⇌
Acid and base dissociation constant
Ka (a is a subscript) = acids
Products in brackets(multiplied) over the reactants(multiplied) in brackets
Only includes gasses and aqueous solutions
Not solids or liquids
HCHO₂(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₃O⁺(aq) + CHO₂⁻(aq)
Ka = [H₃O⁺][CHO₂⁻]/[HCHO₂]
Kb (b is a subscript) = base
Same idea as acids
What is the acid dissociation constant used for?
Used to distinguish strong acids from weak acids
Stronger acids have larger Ka values
Dissociation of Water
The equilibrium reach between the conjugate acid-base paired of water produces both H₃O⁺ and OH⁻
Reversible reaction
H₂O(l) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₃O⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq)
What is the water dissociation constant?
Formula
Values in what temp?
Kw = [H₃O⁺][OH⁻]
At 25°C, H₃O⁺ and OH⁻ are both 1.0 x 10⁻⁷ M
Therefore, [H₃O⁺][OH⁻] would equal 1.0 x 10⁻¹⁴ M
How can you use [H₃O⁺] and [OH⁻] to determine the acidity of a solution?
If [H₃O⁺] and [OH⁻] are equal, then the solution is neutral
If [H₃O⁺] is in a larger quantity, then the solution is acidic
If [OH⁻] is in a larger quantity, then the solution is basic
What is the acidity of pure water?
Why
Neutral
In pure water, the ionizing energy of water molecules produces small but equal amounts of H₃O⁺ and OH⁻ ions ; they are both 1.0 x 10⁻⁷ M
What happens when you add an acid to pure water?
The solution becomes acidic
Increases the [H₃O⁺]; causing it to exceed 1.0 x 10⁻⁷ M
Decreases the [OH⁻]
[H₃O⁺] > [OH⁻]
What happens when you add a base to pure water?
The solution becomes basic
Increases the [OH⁻] ; causing it to exceed 1.0 x 10⁻⁷ M
Decreases the [H₃O⁺]
[H₃O⁺] < [OH⁻]
True or False: When acid or base is added, the combined value of [H₃O⁺] and [OH⁻] is still 1.0 x 10⁻¹⁴
True
What is the pH scale used for?
Describing the acidity of solutions
What is the range of pH scale and what do the values mean?
0 - 14
pH = 7 → neutral
pH > 7 → basic
pH < 7 → acidic
What are is the [H₃O⁺] concentration representations of pH?
pH < 7.0 → [H₃O⁺] > 1.0 x 10⁻⁷
pH > 7.0 → [H₃O⁺] < 1.0 x 10⁻⁷
pH = 7.0 → [H₃O⁺] = 1.0 x 10⁻⁷
What are the three methods of pH determination?
pH meter
pH paper
Indicators
What kind of scale is the pH scale?
A logarithmic scale that corresponds to the [H₃O⁺] of aqueous solutions
A change of one pH unit corresponds to a tenfold change in [H₃O⁺]
pH decreases as [H₃O⁺] increases
Calculating pH
How do the sigfigs work?
The negative log(base 10) of the [H₃O⁺]
-log[H₃O⁺]
Always positive
If the given value of [H₃O⁺] is 1.0 x 10⁻², we take the sigfig count of the 1.0 which is two, and determine that there are two decimal places
The pH value is 2, and since we need two decimal places, we get 2.00
How do you calculate [H₃O⁺] from pH?
[H₃O⁺] = 10⁻ph
Basically, [H₃O⁺] is equal to 10 to the negative pH
Reaction of acids with metals → what does it produce
Produce salt and hydrogen
Reaction of acids with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates → what does it produce
Carbon dioxide gas, salt, and water
Reaction of acids with bases → what does it produce
Salt of the metal and water
Reaction of acids → what’s produces by bicarbonate and carbonate ions
Carbon dioxide gas
What is a salt?
An ionic compound that does not have H⁺ as the cation or OH⁻ as the anion
Neutralization Reactions
An acid reacts with a base to produce salt and water
The salt formed is the anion from the acid and the cation from the base
One H⁺ always reacts with one OH⁻
HCI(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l)
acid base salt water
How do you write a neutralization reaction?
Compltete Molecular Equation: HCI(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l)
Total Ionic Equation: H⁺ + Cl⁻ + Na⁺ + OH⁻ → Na⁺ + Cl⁻ + H₂O(because only aqueous solutions split into ions)
Net Ionic Equation:
H⁺ + Cl⁻ + Na⁺ + OH⁻ → Na⁺ + Cl⁻ + H₂O
H⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) → H₂O(l)
Acid-Base Titrations
A known volume of an acid is placed in a flask with an indicator and titrated with a measured volume of base solution to the neutralization endpoint
Titration
A laboratory procedure used to determine the molarity of an acid
Uses a base to neutralize a measured volume of an acid
Requires a few drops of indicator such as phenolphthalein to identify the endpoint
Titration Endpoint
When the moles of base = the moles of acid
The concentration of base is known
The volume of the base used to reach the endpoint is measured
The molarity of the acid is calculated using the neutralization equation for the reaction
Indicator: Phenolphthalein
In relation to titration
Added to identify the endpoint of a titration
Turns pink when a solution is neutralized
What is the molarity of an HCl solution if 18.5mL of 0.225M NaOH is needed to neutralize 0.0100L of HCl?
Always start with the volume that the M is given with
18.5 mL NaOH(1 L NaOH/1000 mL NaOH)(0.225 mol NaOH/1 L NaOH)(1 mol HCl/1 mol NaOH) = 0.00416
0.00416 mol HCl/0.0100 L HCl = 0.416 M HCl
Buffers
A buffer solution maintains the pH by neutralizing small amounts of added acid or base
An acid must be present to react with an OH⁻ added and a base must be present to react with any H₃O⁺ added
Weak acid-base pairs
Components of a buffer
Contains a combination of acid-base conjugate pairs, a weak acid, and a salt of its conjugate base
Equal concentrations of weak acid and salt
Function of a weak acid in a buffer
If a small amount of base is added, it is neutralized by the acid which shifts the equilibrium in the direction of the products
Function of a conjugate base in a buffer
When a small amount of acid is added, the additional H₃O⁺ combines with the acid ion, causing the equilibrium to shift in the direction of the reactants
The acid produced contributes to the available weak acid
What chemical species affect pH?
H₃O⁺/H⁺ and OH⁻
How does a buffer work?
Added acid (H₃O⁺)
HA ⇌ A- + H₃O⁺
The added acid combines with the conjugate base and creates more of the original HA acid
H₃O⁺ doesn’t change = no pH change
How does a buffer work?
Added base (OH⁻)
HA ⇌ A- + H₃O⁺
When a base is added, the H⁺ in the HA combines with the OH⁻ base to form water, and what’s left of the HA is A⁻, creating more of the conjugate base
H₃O⁺ doesn’t change = no pH change
In the body, what pH do buffers tend to maintain?
7.4
Can buffers soak up limitless amounts of acid or base, keeping the pH constant no matter what?
Nope, they have limits too
Any contamination may also mess it up
Which ones make a buffer?
HF and NaF
NH₄⁺ and NH₃
HBr and Br
HCl and HClO
HF and NaF = yes
Whenever Na is in one of these, you simply cancel it out because it always ionizes, so you are left with HF and F⁻ which is weak and an acid-base pair
NH₄⁺ and NH₃ = yes
It’s a weak acid-base pair
HBr and Br = no
It’s an acid-base pair, but it’s strong, not weak
HCl and HClO = no
It’s not an acid-base pair, since they do not differ by only an H⁺
What are the pH values of
Pure water
Blood plasma
1M NaOH solution
1 M HCl solution
Urine
Drinking water
There are a ton more, look at the slides
Pure water = 7.0
Blood plasma = 7.4
1M NaOH solution = 14.0
1 M HCl solution = 0.0
Urine = 6.0
Drinking water = 7.2
What is the pH of a 0.260 M solution of KOH?
-log(0.205) = the pOH value which is 0.602
BUT we need the pH → pOH + pH = 14
14 - 0.602 = 13.398, 3 sigfigs bc the og pH had three decimal places = 13.4
The pH of an acidic solution is 2.11, what’s the [H⁺]?
10⁻²¹¹ (exponent = -2.11)
→ make sure it’s in scientific notation 7.8 x 10⁻³ M
Predict whether the reaction has more products or reactants
H₃PO₄(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₃O⁺(aq) + H₂PO₄⁻(aq)
CO₃²⁻(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ OH⁻(aq) + HCO₃⁻(aq)
H₃PO₄(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₃O⁺(aq) + H₂PO₄⁻(aq)
weaker acid and base stronger acid and base
More reactants = strong to weak
CO₃²⁻(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ OH⁻(aq) + HCO₃⁻(aq)
weaker acid and base stronger base and acid
More reactants
What is the formula for acetic acid?
Is it weak or strong
HC₂H₃O₂ or CH₃COOH
Weak acid
What is an indicator
Literally
An organic molecule