Studied by 14 peopleTags & Description
Phillip Zimbardo
Most famous for his Stanford prison experiment
Stanley Milgram
Best known for his experiments investigating obedience, involving the seeming administration of electric shocks
Soloman Asch
known for his conformity experiments
Leon Festinger
Introduced the concept of cognitive dissonance
Sociocultural
Focuses on society and culture in terms of our behavior and shaping cognition
Conformity
The act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms
Normative Influence “Social Norm”
Influence that produces conformity when a person fears the negative social consequences of appearing deviant
Asch Conformity Experiment
Conducted by Soloman Asch in which participants would generally conform with the group, even when group members gave obviously wrong answers
Obedience
when individuals follow the explicit directives of an authority figure (individual in a position of social power)
Milgram Experiment
experiment by Stanley Milgram in which participants demonstrated obedience to authority, administering shocks (or so they thought) when told by the researchers
Stanford Prision Experiment
experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo in which deindividualization of participants roleplaying as prison guards led to uncharacteristic aggression
Deindividualization
the loss of self-identity within a group, often accompanied by uncharacteristic behavior
Social Facilitation
A process whereby the presence of others enhances performance on east tasks but impairs performance on difficult tasks
Social Inhibition
Performance is poorer when watched by others
Social Loafing
Tendency of individuals to put forth less effort when they are part of a group
Group Polarization
The exaggeration of initial tendencies in the thinking of group members through group discussions
Groupthink
A group decision-making style characterized by an excessive tendency among group members to seek congruence
Social Trap
A situation in which individuals within a group act in their own short-term self interest so the overall long-term detriment of the group
Prejudice “Prejudgment”
Unjustified Negative attitude about a group of people based on their membership or the group
Discrimination
Unjustified Negative behavior toward members of a target group (individual level) based on their race, ethnicity, or other shared characteristics
Racism
stereotyping, prejudice, or discrimination directed against members of marginalized racial ethnic groups
Sexism
discrimination based on sex or gender
Stereotype threat
A situation in which people feel at risk of performing as their group expected to perform
In-groups
Group that we identify with “us” or see ourselves as belonging to
Out-Groups
Social groups with whom a person does nto identify; “them”
Ethnocentrism
Judging other cultures on the basis of the values of your own culture
Superordinate goals
shared objectives that require cooperation between groups to accomplish
Robbers Cave Experiment
Experiment conducted by Muzafer Sherif in which two groups of boys at a summer camp overcome prejudices against each other by focusing on superordinate goals
Kitty Genovese
A young woman who was brutally murdered outside of New York City apartment in 1964. Due to inaccurate initial reports, her murder is used as an example of bystander effect.
Bystander effect
Phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present; the less likely people are to help a person in distress (diffusion of responsibility)
Diffusion of Responsibility
Tendency for members of a crowd to assume less responsibility for taking action, due to the assumption that others will do something
The Frustration-Aggression Principle
The idea that people become more aggressive when they’re frustrated by being blocked from reaching a goal
Instrumental Aggression
behaviors that carried out to attain a certain goal
Hostile Aggression
behaviors that aim to inflict pain or harm
Altrusim
The unselfish concern for other people; doing things to help, not because you fell obligated to
Social Exhange Theory
Argues that altruism exists only when benefits outweigh the costs, when your behavior helps you even more than it helps the other person
Reciprocity
Social expectation in which we feel pressured to help others if they have already done something for us
Social Responsibility Norm
Societal rule that tells people they should help others who need help even if they may not repay us
Attraction
the ways in which you take interest in and feel positively towards others (romantically or platonically)
Familiarity “Mere Exposure Effect”
Liking someone occurs because of repeatedly seeing that person or thing
Proximity
the closer together people are physically, the more likely they are to form a relationship/friendship
Similarity
The tendency to be attracted to people who share characteristics with you
Reciprocal Liking
the tendency to like people who like you
Attitudes
beliefs and feelings that predispose people to respond in particular wats to situations and other people
Self-Serving Bi
tendency to blame external forces when bad things happen and to give ourselves credit when good things happen
Actor-Observer Bias
tendency to attribute one’s own actions to external causes people’s behaviors to internal causes.
False Consensus Effect
tendency to overestimate how much other people agree with us
Just-World Phenomenon
Tendency to believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
prediction that causes itself to come true due to the simple fact that the prediction was made
Peripheral Route of Persuasion
The process by which a person does not think carefully about communication and is influenced by superficial cues
Central Route of persuasion
the process by which a person thinks carefully about a communication and is influenced by the strength of its arguments
Foot-In-The Door Phenomenon
Tendency for people who have first agreed to small request to comply later with a larger request
Door-In-The-Face Technique
asking for a large commitment and being refused and then asking for a smaller commitment and getting an agreement
Mere-Exposure Effect
the tendency to like new stimuli more when you encounter them more frequently
Cognitive Dissonance (Leon Festinger 1957):
Sense of discomfort or distress that occurs when a person’s behavior does not correspond to that person’s attitudes
Attribution Theory
a theory that describes how people explain their own and others’ behavior
Dispositional Attribution
a type of attribution in which you assign responsibility for an event or action to the person involved
Situational Attribution
a type of attribution in which you assign responsibility for an event or action to the circumstances of the situation
Stable Attribution
an attribution in which you believe a cause to be consistent and relatively constant over time
Unstable Attribution
an attribution in which you believe a cause to be consistent and relatively constant over time
Unstable Attribution
an attribution that credits a one-time source as the cause of an event
Fundamental Attribution Error
our tendency to underestimate the impact of situational factors and overestimate the impact of distortional (personal) factors when assessing why other people acted the way they did.
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