Small Animal Disease Exam 1

questions for anemia

-Are pets on any medication? -Any blood loss detected? -Any fleas or ticks? -Has cat been tested for FeLV or FIV? -Has pet been vaccinated recently? -Has female been given any mismating shots?

regenerative anemia

-bone marrow is responding appropriately -extra-marrow causes

Nonregenerative anemia

-bone marrow is not responding appropriately -caused by chronic renal disease, inflammatory disease

anemia clinical signs

-pale gums -exercise intolerance -tachycardia -possible jaundice -anorexia -heart murmur

reticulocytes and polychromasia

What are some things that can be evaluated to aid in the diagnosis of anemia?

how kidney disease leads to anemia

kidney doesn't produce erythropoietin to stimulate a bone marrow response

Mycoplasma hemofelis

What blood borne parasite is a common cause of anemia in cats?

extracellular and intracellular

What are the 2 forms of Cytauxzoon?

Brown Dog Tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus)

What tick is responsible for transmitting Babesia canis?

hemolysis

What happens to to dogs RBCs that are infected with Babesia canis?

onion toxicity

What is the most common cause of Heinz body anemia in dogs?

cats

Who are most suspectible to Heinz body anemia?

less stable hemoglobin

Why are cats more prone to Heinz body anemias?

thrombocytopenia

What is the most common cause for spontaneuous bleeding in dogs?

decreased circulating platelets

-decreased production -increased consumption -increased destruction -increased sequestration

immune mediated hemolytic anemia

what does IMHA stand for?

IMHA

-antibody driven disease -primary and secondary -diagnosed with CBC or Coomb's test

IMHA treatment

-improve oxygenation -managing immune response

Immune mediated thrombocytopenia

This is when platelets are attacked by the immune system

IMT clinical signs

-petechia and ecchymotic hemorrhages on skin and mucosal surfaces -weakness -lethargy

thrombocytopenia

What is the most common clinical sign for ehrlichiosis?

Ehrlicia treatment

-not all positive dogs are infected or will progress to the chronic phase -treatment may not eliminate infection -reinfection can still occur -treatment of healthy dogs may result in antimicrobial resistance

serology

What is the best way to diagnose Ehrlichia?

Coomb's test

-visual indication that antigens are bound to the blood cell -helps us diagnose Ehrlichiosis and IMHA -agglutination indicates problem with the immune system

Von Willebrand Disease

-bleeding in patient with normal platelet count -types 1-3 -dobermans most commonly affected -genetic condition that can be passed down -surgical patients may need pre and post-op transfusions, cage monitoring for 24 hours, and rest

vWD type 1

low concentration of von Willebrands factors

vWD type 2

low concentration of abnormal factor

vWD type 3

abscence of von Willebrands factors

Dobermans

Who is most commonly affected by vWD?

vWD surgical considerations

-pre-op transfusions -post-op cage rest and 24 hour monitoring -may need at least one post op transfusion

BMBT

small incision made in mucosa above premolars to check for normal clotting time

less than 4 minuets

What is the normal BMBT for dogs?

less than 3.3 minuets

What is the normal BMBT for cats?

5-10 minuets

What is the normal BMBT for type 1 vWD?

>12 minuets

What is the normal BMBT for type 2-3 vWD?

improve the quality of life

What is the goal for Lymphoma patients?

No

Is lymphoma curable?

cytology

What is the best method for diagnosis of lymphoma?

FNA or biopsy

How is the sample collected for cytology to diagnose lymphoma?

types of lymphoma

-mediastinal -alimentary -multicentric

positive

What is the FeLV status for patients with mediastinal and multicentric lymphomas?

negative

What is the FeLV status for patients with alimentary lymphoma?

enlarged peripheral LN

What is the most common clinical finding for dogs with lymphoma?

FIV

-infection that disrupts immune system function -outdoor, free roaming, intact male cats are most at risk -transmitted through bites and body fluids -acute, subclinical, and clinical phases -should be microchipped after vaccination because vaccinations will cause false positives on tests

bites/body fluids

How is FIV transmitted?

DIC

excessive intravascular coagulation that leads to multisystem organ failure

DIC causes

-heat stroke -GDV -heart failure -IMHA -infectious diseases -pancreatitis -shock -venom -IMTP -heartworms

bleeding from venipuncture sites

What is the most notable clinical sign that could clue your patient was in DIC?

PTT

Which coagulation test is more sensitive for detecting DIC?

DIC treatment

-aggressive treatment for primary disease -maintain tissue perfusion and oxygenation -heparin

rodenticide poisoning

-dyspnea -bleeding -hematoma -muffled heart and lung sounds -pale MM -lethargy -depression

reduction in vit K-1

What causes rodenticide clinical signs?

rodenticide poisoning treatment

-emetics -vitamin K-1 -whole blood or plasma

IV K-1

Which route of the antidote for rodenticide poisoning can result in anaphylaxis?

immunity

________________ is a defense against or resistance to, contagious diseases

species resistance

_______________ _____________ refers to the genetic ability of a particular species to provide defense against certain pathogens

inflammation characteristics

-pain -redness -swelling -heat

true

true or false: the goals of inflammation are to kill the pathogens, remove the tissue debris, and repair damaged tissues

interferon

a substance that interferes with a virus's ability to cause disease by preventing it from replicating within the host

complement

binds to the invading cell, makes small holes in the cell membrane, and causes the cell to rupture

macrophage

________ will attach to foreign substances and take it to the T-cell

b-cells

mediate the production of antibodies in response to an antigen

false

true or false: each antibody produced is specific for up to 3 different antigens

inherited

___________ immunity is a result of genetic factors that influence that developing animals before birth

acquired

______________ immunity is a resistance that develops after an animal is born

passive

___________ immunity is when antibodies are formed in one animal and transferred to another animal that is not infected. This transfer provides the uninfected animal with protection against the pathogen

True

True or False: Artificial immunity is usually due to deliberate exposure with vaccinations

cell mediated immunity

T cell lymphocytes are associated with?

80,000

What reticulocyte count in the dog indicates a regenerative reponse?

60,000

What reticulocyte count in the cat indicates a regenerative response?

False

True or False: An absolute reticulocyte count greater than 80,000 in the cat and 60,000 in the dog indicates a regenerative response

high, low

a ____________ reticulocyte count indicates a regenerative anemia, and a _______ recticulocyte count indicates a non regenerative anemia

IDA

An 8 week old puppy is brought in for lethargy and not eating well. He has pale gums, and a large number of hook worms on fecal float. The CBC confirms anemia. Which type of anemia is most likely affecting this puppy?

decreased production

Of the causes of thrombocytopenia, which one is most common in cats?

increased destruction

Of the causes of thrombocytopenia, which is the most common in the dog?

T

T/F: In immune mediated thrombocytopenia, platelets are coated with antibodies or complements. This causes destruction of them. This destruction can occur in the spleen, bone marrow, and liver

F

T/F: All seropositive dogs are treated for Ehrlichia

Buccal Mucosal Bleeding Time (BMBT)

What is the simple in-house test we can use to help us to detect von Willebrand's disese?

Type 1

Which type of vWD is administration of desmopressin acetate effective?

t

t/f: When talking about feline lymphoma, the best method of diagnosis is cytology, and the best way to obtain a sample is either FNA or surgical biopsy

most affected by FIV

intact, outdoor, free roaming males aged 6-8 years

DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)

You have a patient presenting for GDV. You do a blood draw for baseline values. You come back and notice the site is still bleeding from the venipuncture. What condition should you be concerned about?

apomorphine

What is the name of emetic we can give dogs that have recently ingested rat bait?

Rhinitis

-rarely a primary issue -sneezing, serous nasal discharge, coughing, gagging, and crusty debris on nares -inflammation of nasal passages

epistaxis

What is the term used to describe bleeding from the nares?

frontal and maxillary

What are the 2 sinuses usually involved with sinusitis?

laryngitis causes

excessive barking, howling, or meowing

tooth root abscess

What is the most common cause of sinusitis?

voice change is sign of rabies

Why should gloves be worn when patient has lost its voice?

stenotic nares, everted saccules, elongated soft palate

What structures are corrected during surgery for brachycephalic airway syndrome?

true

true or false: Infectious Canine Tracheobronchitis is a highly contagious respiratory disease of dogs. The most common organisms are Bordetella bronteseptica and canine parainfluenza

collapsing trachea

What condition is seen in middle age to old, obese, toy and mini breed dogs?

f

t/f surgical treatment of collapsing trachea is the treatment of choice due to the favorable outcome and low chance of complications

feline asthma

caused by spontaneous bronchoconstriction,airway inflammation, and airway hyper-reactivity

Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis

-highly contagious respiratory disease of cats -transmitted through aerosolization and direct contact -acute onset of sneezing, conjunctivitis, and rhinits

pleural effusion

______________ ___________ is a build up of fluid in the pleural space that leads to respiratory disease in our patients

hemothorax

blood in the thorax

pyothorax

pus in the thorax

pneumothorax

air in the thorax

chylothorax

chyle in the thorax