social approach

Milgram concluded ...

ordinary people are surprisingly obedient to legitimate authority,

Describe two features of the experiment by Milgram that may explain the high levels of obedience he found.

The fact that the experiment took place at Yale University (unimpeachable rep.) & the fact that the subject was paid to be there.

In what increments did the voltage increase each time?

M

15v

What was the aim to Milgram's study?

To investigate whether ordinary people would follow orders and give an innocent person a potentially harmful electric shock

The maximum voltage of available electric shocks to be given were ...

M

450v

What percentage of participants administered the maximum 450v?

M

65%

What is one ethical issue with these study?

M

The experimenter was deceptive when explaining the study to the participants.

Because they felt that they could blame the __________, most people went along with the instructions to administer shock in the Milgram experiment.

experimenter

According to Milgram, his study on obedience produced two surprising findings. Describe what these to surprises were.

The level of obedience exhibited by the subjects throughout the experiment and their reactions to their actions (tension).

Milgram said ...

Obedience is necessary for the smooth running of society.

In the Milgram experiment,

the "teacher" was the only actual participant in the experiment.

Milgram's studies on obedience to authority the procedures showed that

most 'teachers' delivered the maximum amount of shock to the 'learner.'

Participants were asked to teach ... M

retention of matched paired words.

What percentage of participants dropped out of the experiment? M

12.5%

Recorded data shows that the participants responded to the stress of the experiment in many ways including M

all of the above

Milgram's studies on obedience to authority showed that

most 'teachers' delivered the maximum amount of shock to the 'learner.'

How could payment have affected the results? (MILGRAM)

They feel obligated to complete the experiment because they're getting paid.

In Milgram's study on obedience to authority, what method was used?

'Learners' received an electroshock from 'teachers.'

Stanley Milgram was a psychologist who studied:

obedience to authority

Conformity .... M

relies on the need to be socially accepted.

In the Milgram experiment, a shock generator was used with ___ graded switches.

30

Studies have shown that obedience is more likely if (Migram)

the person giving the command has a higher status.

Where did the experiment take place? M

Yale University

What is obedience? M

yielding to the demands of an authority figure.

How many participants were involved in the experiment? M

40

What did the results of Milgram's famous experiment show?

that people were willing to obey orders to hurt others

What percentage of participants fully obeyed the experimenter and went to 450V when the study was replicated in a run-down office block?

M

48%

Participants were told the purpose of the experiment was ... M

to see how people learn better through punishment.

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Describe two features of the experiment by Milgram that may explain the high levels of obedience he found.

The fact that the experiment took place at Yale University (unimpeachable rep.) & the fact that the subject was paid to be there.

How was the experiment internally Valid? M

There was no bias, because the participants had no idea what was really going on.

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The voltage levels displayed on the shock generator ranged from ___. M

15 to 450

What percentage of participants in Stanley Milgram's study on obedience and authority continued to administer 450-volt shocks at the insistence of the authority figure?

65%

How is the experiment internally reliable? M

All of the participants had the same experience.

How was the experiment not reliable? M

Sometimes the experimenter had to prod 20 times before the participants were allowed to leave.

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The participants all volunteered believing they were to do (milgram)

a study on memory and learning.

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A panel of psychiatrists surveyed by Stanley Milgram prior to his obedience study stated that they thought fewer than five percent of the research participants would administer the maximum level of shock. How accurate was their prediction?

It was totally inaccurate because 65 percent of the participants administered the highest level of shock.

What percentage of participants fully obeyed the experimenter and went to 450V when the study was replicated but the experimenter gave orders over the phone? M

21%

What could make the study not internally valid? M

The participants secretly did not believe the electric shocks to be real.

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Out of 40 subjects, ___ obeyed the orders of the experimenter to the end, proceeding to punish the victim. M

26

The teachers were told the electric shocks would ... M

be painful but not dangerous.

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Milgram's study demonstrated that

people will obey commands to harm another person when they believe they are in a legitimate setting.

Milgram proposed obedience was obtained from which factor ...

perceived competence and reputation.

Explain the weakness in Milgram's (obedience) study.

The lack of variety in participants.

Which of these situational variations found the most different results from the original study? M

Experimenter gives orders over the telephone

How has this study been applied to a real life situation?

M

Within pilot training officers have failed to challenge the mistakes of their Captain.

The participants were allocated the roles of ... M

teachers

What percentage of participants fully obeyed the experimenter and went to 450V when the study was replicated but the teacher was in the same room as the learner and had to physically place the learner's hand on the shock plate? M

30%

The experimenter used a series of ... M

verbal prods.

From the study by Milgram (obedience) a shock generator was used as an apparatus. Explain why this apparatus was necessary to the study.

In order for the patient to administer shocks to the learner.

What percentage of participants fully obeyed the experimenter and went to 450V when the study was replicated but the teacher was in the same room as the learner? M

40%

The Milgram experiment was carried out...

after WW II

Milgram's intention in conducting his studies of obedience was to replicate the social situation in

Nazi Germany.

Out of 40 subjects, ___ obeyed the orders of the experimenter to the end, proceeding to punish the victim. (Milgram

26

In the original experiment, all of the participants were... M

men

What percentage of participants fully obeyed the experimenter and went to 450V when the study was replicated in a run-down office block?

Y

Ai, Pal, Chloe, Cleo, Pan, Ayumu.

Which is the dependent variable? - Yamamoto

How many chimpanzees offered the correct tool.

Which of the following is not a control in the study? Y

They were tested randomly

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Why did the researchers repeat the second 'Can See' condition? Y

To check if differences in tool offer in the first two conditions was due to the experimental order

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What is the sampling technique used in this study? - Yamamoto

Opportunity Sample

Which of the following statements about procedure is NOT true? - Yamamoto

Each trial ended after the correct tool had been offered.

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What is the biggest difference between the results of the two conditions? - Yamamoto

If the correct tool was offered.

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Choose the overall weakness of the study. - Yamamoto

Low ecological validity

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Choose the overall weakness of the study. - Yamamoto

Low ecological validity

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This study had a high amount of ______________ which increased the ________________________. - Yamamoto

Controls; reliability

Which of the statements about Chimpanzees is NOT true? Y

Chimpanzees give spontaneous help to conspecifics.

For each condition, there were ________ trials. Y

48

Which chimp was not used as a helper in the second 'Can See' condition? Y

Ayumu

What is the Aim of the Study? (Yamamoto)

If chimpanzees understand the needs of conspecifics and help

In the Yamamoto (chimpanzee) study, what was the AIM of the study?

Whether chimpanzees understand the needs of conspecifics and whether they will respond with targeted helping

Which conclusion is incorrect? - Yamamoto

Chimpanzees give spontaneous help to conspecifics

What is the research design of the Yamamoto (Chimpanzee) study?

Repeated measures

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Which of the following is NOT an item located in the box given to the helper chimp? - Yamamoto

Lock

What is the research design of this study? - Yamamoto

Repeated measures

What was the order of the trial conditions of the independent variable? - Yamamoto

Can see/ can't see/ can see

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Which of the following dimensions are correct for the Hole in the booth. - Yamamoto

12.5 x 35 cm and 1 metre above the floor

Which is the dependent variable? - Yamamoto

Target behaviour of offering the correct tool.

Which of the following quantitative data was not produced in Yamamoto?

Ayumu's behaviour

Which of the following dimensions are correct for the Hole in the booth. - Yamamoto

12.5 x 35 cm and 1 metre above the floor

During the familiarization phase, there were __________; 5 minute trials; ________ per day. (Yamamoto)

8 ; 1

In the Yamamoto study, trial begins when the helper chimp had a box of 7 items, trial recorded as ended when

The juice was obtained or when 5 minutes passed without success

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What was the object that Pan offered the most? - Yamamoto

Brush

The researchers refer to the 'non-significant “cannot see” condition. Give a possible reason for this. Y

Chimps require visual confirmation to make correct tool offers

What is Theory of Mind? Y

Understanding the goals of another person without asking

Who offered the brush most often? - Yamamoto

Pan

What were the names of the chimpanzees? Y

Ai, Pal, Chloe, Cleo, Pan, Ayumu.

How many trials were completed in total? P

103

How many confederates were in each team? P

4

What year was Piliavin’s study published?

1969

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The victim stood in the critical area P

True

Which of the following were IVs in the study? (Tick more than one) P

Victim Condition

Model Position

Victim Race

Model Timing

Which of the following were DVs in the study? (Tick more than one) P

Total number of helpers

Comments made by passengers

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What was the experimental method? P

Field

’Diffusion of Responsibility’ means people are more likely to help if there are others present

P

false

what type of experiment was Piliavin's study?

Field Experiment

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How many participants were in the sample? P

4450

The model was an observer and made notes P

False

what was the racial mix of passengers estimated in Piliavin's study?

45% black, 55% white