World Honors Final Review

Ideology of nationalists

• Nationalists are more likely to be liberal due to their opposition of existing ruling order

• Strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country

  • Positives - Will give those of the same ethnicity a sense of identity

  • Negatives- Bred intolerance, persecution, violence

• Sought to turn this cultural unity into political reality. Cultural boundaries = national boundaries

What are some things conservatives and liberals valued in 18th Century Europe?

Liberals:

• Wanted a government based on written constitutions

• Defended “natural rights” - government’s job to protect and preserve the rights of people

• Middle class tended to be liberals - business owners, bankers, lawyers, politicians, writers, publishers

• What did they want to accomplish?

  • Republics, constitutional monarchy

  • Manhood suffrage

• Why?

  • Popular sovereignty, equality, important philosophy of the Enlightenment

  • Gave them power

    Conservatives:

• Believed in legitimacy, social hierarchy,m supported the established churches

• Opposed alleged “natural rights” and freedoms proposed by the philosophes

• Conservatives tended to be monarchs, public officials, noble landowners, church leaders, peasants

• What did they want to accomplish?

  • Wished to “turn back the clock” to the days before the French Revolution or as close as they could get

• Why?

  • Stability, order, peace, “We were in charge”

Klemens von Metternich

Organizer of the Congress of Vienna (1814–15), he was largely responsible for the policy of balance of power in Europe to ensure the stability of European governments.

Guiseppe Mazzini

“The Heart” of the Unification movement in the late 1800s.

• “Young Italy” – began Italian nationalist societies for young people

• Sought to establish a sense of nationalism, unite Italy under the banner of republicanism

• Believed revolution would be necessary for unification

Count Camillo di Cavour

• “The Head” of the Unification movement in the late 1800s.

• Prime minister of the kingdom of Sardinia.

• Wanted a unified Italy under the leadership of Sardinia, using Realpolitik (realistic politics)

• Negotiated a deal with Napoleon III to help in a case of a war with Austria, gained land when that war took place

Guiseppe Garibaldi

• “The Sword” of the Unification movement in the late 1800s.

• Nationalist who created an army and fought for the liberation of Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

• Leader of Redshirts

The Redshirts

Followers to Garibaldi during unification.

Obstacles to unification

• Nations not willing to give up their autonomy (e.g. Papal States)

• Different ideas of the form unification should take – monarchy, constitutional monarchy, republic

• Foreign control over regions of Italy

• Attitudes – lack of national identity

• Differences between North and South

Kingdom of Sardinia

During the Italian Unification was the wealthiest and most liberal of the Italian states), and orchestrated by Piedmont-Sardinia's Prime Minister, Count Camillo di Cavour.

King Victor Emmauel II

• King of Sardinia.

• Later he became king of Italy once unified

Prussia

One of the largest and strongest of the German territories

Zollverien

One of the first attempts of economic unification in Germany. A trade union between Prussia and German unions.

Otto von Bismarck

Leader of Prussia, lead Prussia into war against Austria

Prussia vs. Austria

Conflict on who should be the leading nation if they were to unify.

Kaiser Wilhelm (William I)

The King of Prussia, under the leadership of Wilhelm I and Otto von Bismarck, succeeded in unifying the loosely confederated states of northern and southern Germany and the formation of the German Empire.

Reasons for Imperialism

• Economic

• Places had natural resources

• Political and military

• Humanitarian

  • Faith to go to heaven

• Social Darwinism

Berlin Conference

• Berlin 1884

• Led by Bismarck, reps from many countries including the US attended

• Recognized legitimate claims to land, free trade routes, established rules for claiming new land

Modernization vs. westernization

• Modernization is growing and expanding to something new and advanced.

• Westernization is modernization but more like copying from someone else. It ruins and polluts traditional Culture.

Modern problems due to Imperialism

• Under foreign rule, native culture and industry were destroyed. Imported goods wiped out local craft industries. By using colonies as sources of raw materials and markets for manufactured goods, colonial powers held back the colonies from developing industries.

• New religions were forced upon and native belief was discredited. Most traditional culture and languages were simply wiped away.

Provisions of the Treaty of Versailles

The terms of the treaty required that Germany pay financial reparations, disarm, lose territory, and give up all of its overseas colonies. It also called for the creation of the League of Nations

Two Revolutions in Russia

March Revolution: Series of protests and uprisings in Russia in 1917 that led to the overthrow of the imperial government. Led to establishment of the Russian Provisional Government.

November Revolution: Members of the Bolshevik political party seized power in the capital of Russia (Petrograd). Put Bolsheviks in power and lead to development of Soviet Union

Provisional government - Kerensky

Provisional government in Russia before Communists took over.

V. I. Lenin

First leader of the Soviet Union

• Supreme soviet - elected legislature

• USSR

• New Economic Policy (NEP) - government retains control of major industries and financial institutions, but small businesses were allowed to operate for profit

• Showed some success, industrial output increased

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire) that ended Russia's participation in World War I.

Josef Stalin

“Man of Steel”

• Lenin died in 1924, power struggle ensued between Josef Stalin and Leon Trotsky

• Gained control of the party infrastructure and leadership, used that to defeat his rival claimants to the head of the USSR

• Stalin’s first goal was industrialization

• Five year plans

• Stalin’s agricultural policies led to terrible famine, as many as eight million people may have starved to death known as the Holodomor

Reds vs. Whites

• Whites: Loose confederation of anti-communist forces that fought the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil war.

• Reds: Communists. Also known as Bolsheviks

• Refers to Russian Civil War

Meiji Restoration

How Japan modernizes. The dissolution of Japan's feudal system of government and restored imperial rule.

Chinese Boxer’s and their “rebellion”

Uprising of martial artists against foreigners, crushed by Europeans and Japanese, led to increased support for westernization

Organs of the UN

General Assembly, Security Council, Secretariat. Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship COuncil, and International Court of Justice

Mao Zedong

Leader of Communists during Chinese Civil War

• The Great Leap Forward

  • Economic plan instituted by Mao

  • Goals to speed up economic development and develop a full socialist society.

    • Establish collective communities - people’s communes - mixing agriculture with small scale industry

    • Military-like lifestyle

    • Long hours under strict supervision

    • Equal pay regardless of production

  • Abandoned due to poor planning, food shortages, workers’ complaints, led to tens of millions of deaths.

• The Cultural Revolution

  • Mao’s plan for social change – The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

  • Rid China of “four olds” – customs, thoughts, habits, culture - replace with socialist ideas

  • Young students called Red Guard at the forefront of this revolution

    • Rampaged through China vandalizing buildings, art, books, humiliating, imprisoning, attacking, murdering people who did not comply with Mao’s teachings

  • Production dropped dramatically, when called off, Red Guard dispersed by army, many sent to “reeducation” camps

Chiang Kai-Shek

• Chinese politician, revolutionary, and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China

• Leader of nationalists in the Chinese Civil War

• Also known as Jiang Jieshi.

Tiananmen Square

• Revolutionary event where a man stood in front of a Chinese Army tank as a protest.

• The tank stopped and caused riots and rebuttals to China’s government from its citizens.

• This exposed the world to what China was experiencing and was overall “embarrassing” for China’s government; leading to them trying to cover up as much evidence as possible.

Kim Il-Sung

Leader of North Korea from 1948-1994. Also known as The Eternal Leader

Kim Jong-Il

Leader of North Korea from 1994-2011. Very powerful

Kim Jong-Un

Modern leader of North Korea. All Kims dictator instead of Communist

Duma

Similar to congress. Czar Nicholas II made reforms to the government to make a Duma. Duma did things that Nicholas didn’t want, so he resolved Duma later.

Diet

• German representative body. Their version of Congress.

• Can also apply to Japan as they stole the German system.

• Adopted parts of representative democracy.

Benazir Bhutto

• Pakistani politician, the first woman leader of a Muslim nation in modern history.

• Led the political opposition to Pres. Zia-ul-Haq after the execution of her father, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, in 1979.

• Became prime minister of a coalition government.

Mahatma Gandhi

• Credited with uniting western educated, upper-class and commoners of India

• Middle class Hindu family, studies law in England, went to South Africa to help Indian immigrants

• Believed in nonviolent resistance

• Led boycotts- homespun movement, marches, protests

Nehru-Gandhi Family

• Refers to first leaders of independent India.

• Rules for several decades.

Class structure in colonial Latin America (peninsulares / creoles / mestizos / mulattos)

• Peninsulares: Born in Spain and moved to American

• Creoles: American born descendants of Spanish settlers

• Mestizos: native American + European

• Mulattoes: African + European

Economic characteristics of 19th century Latin America (raw materials / agriculture)

• Latin American provided raw materials to the world economy.

• They had their resources taken such as raw materials and crops from the Americans.

• Included lots of fruit and materials that you can use to make stuff.

American motivations for building alliances with Latin American dictators

• Alliance built on raw materials that the U.S took.

• Waged war so businesses could make more. (Dole Fruit Corp)

• Supported dictators during the Cold War as long as they didn’t believe in Communism.

Pablo Escobar

• Huge Mexican drug dealer.

• Ran parts of Mexico since his drug business was so big and powerful.

• Enough money to have political leaders ignore or help what he was doing.

Cuban relations with the United States following the fall of the USSR

Becomes communist, so relations with the US declines.

Fidel Casto and his message to Cubans

Leader of Cuba, the ideology of what the communists support. (You’re doing all the work and someone is taking your work and money.)

The separation of Islam following the death of Muhammad (Shia / Sunni)

The Shia and Sunni separated due to different beliefs of who should be the successor after the prophet (Muhammad) died. Both supported different people so they split due to their beliefs.

Hajj

• One of the Five Pillars of Islam.

• The Hajj is a pilgrimage that occurs during the Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah to the holy city of Mecca.

• When the pilgrim is around 10 km (6.2 mi) from Mecca, he/she must dress in Ihram clothing, which consists of two white sheets.

• After a Muslim makes the trip to Mecca, he/she is known as a hajj/hajja (one who made the pilgrimage to Mecca)

Mustafa Kamal Ataturk

Lead Turkey in the modern world. Kept traditions while also becoming westernized and modern.

The discovery of oil in Iran

Access to oil means lots of money. With the abundance of oil that Iran had, it was a huge deal to be friends or take over the area to make lots of money as well as use the oil for yourself. The British took over Iran’s oil supply and it acted as a gas station for them. Iran wanted to cut off ties with the British and America due to poor income and end up fighting them over ownership.

Diaspora

The dispersion or spread of a people from their original homeland. Can be referred to the Jews in the Middle East.

Zionism

An international movement (originally) for the establishment of a Jewish national/religious community in Palestine and (later) for the support of modern Israel.

Six-Day War

• Israeli vs combined Arab States

• Israel won despite being outnumbered.

• Gained occupied territories but later gave them back for national recognition.

The West Bank

One of the Occupied Territories - land that Israel controlled after Six-Day war. Broke law saying that they can’t develop after taking over land from war.

Israeli settlements

The communities of Israeli Jews built after 1967 in the territories occupied by Israel after the Six-Day War

Cape Town

• Capital of South Africa

• The British imperialized it to have better control of the seas and trade with India.

The Boer Wars

• Boers are people in Africa who could trace their Ancestry to Dutch, German, and French Huguenot settlers.

• British building and expanding and the Boers didn’t want that.

• The British army won

Townships vs. tribal homelands

• Homelands, established by the Apartheid Government, were areas to which the majority of the Blacks population was moved to prevent them from living in the urban areas of South Africa. Similar to a reservation.

• Townships refer to the underdeveloped, usually (but not only) urban, residential areas that during Apartheid were reserved for non-whites (Africans, Coloureds and Indians) who lived near or worked in areas that were designated 'white only'

Apartheid methods for squashing resistance

Harsh treatment, atrocities, massacres

Nelson Mandela

• Jailed for anti-apartheid activities for 27 years

• President 1994-1999

• Won a Nobel Peace award

Boycotts of South Africa

International community helped end apartheid through economic and political pressure. They were also not allowed to compete in the Olympics due to policies

Truth and Reconciliation Commission

Courtlike body established by the new South African government in 1995 to investigate gross human rights violations that were perpetrated during the period of the Apartheid regime from 1960 to 1994, including abductions, killings, torture.

Wealth disparities in South Africa today

Due to the poor economic policies and wealth disparities from Apartheid, Africa has always had a rough time managing their economy and this still holds up today as they are trying to fix what happened in the past.

Colonial partitions of Africa and their consequences

Europeans drew Africa how they wanted to split up the continent. Colonial partitions have contributed to economic, social, and political underdevelopment by spurring ethnic-tainted civil conflict and discrimination and by shaping the ethnic composition, size, shape and landlocked status of the newly independent states

Tribalism in modern-day Africa

Re-drew the Africa map and country boundaries by themselves to how they think it should be to fix their colony issues

Who are the permanent members of the UN?

China, France, Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States

What are the official languages of the UN?

Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish

Explain the conflict between China & Taiwan.

The democratic party that left China went to Taiwan to establish a democracy while China see’s Taiwan as a rogue province and can send troops to attack Taiwan at any moment.

Explain each of the economic policies of Mao Zedong.

The Great Leap Forward:

Goals to speed up economic development and develop a full socialist society.

• Establish collective communities - people’s communes - mixing agriculture with small scale industry

• Military-like lifestyle

• Long hours under strict supervision

• Equal pay regardless of production

Abandoned due to poor planning, food shortages, workers’ complaints, led to tens of millions of deaths

Explain why India partitioned and the religious issues that still exist.

They partitioned so that the Muslims could be their own independence settlement and get away from other religions due to disagreements.

Partition divided mostly Hindu India from mostly Muslim East and West Pakistan.

• Eventually leads to Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh

• Religion is a very touchy subject and having an argument over it can lead to separation like the partition.

• Religions still fight over who is right and wrong, causing people to look at believers of a different religion as a bad or weird person