Kinesiology

Anterior Position

facing forward ventral

Posterior Position

toward back/rear dorsal

Superior Position

toward head cranial

Inferior Position

toward feet causal

Medial Position

toward midline of body

Lateral Position

toward side of body

Sagittal Plane

Divides body into left and right Anteroposterior Plane Movements: flexion, extension, hyperextension

Frontal Plane

Divides body into front and back Coronal/lateral plane Movements: abduction and adduction

Transverse Plane

Divides body into upper and lower Horizontal/axial plane Movement: rotation

Axial Skeleton

skull, vertebrae, thorax

Appendicular Skeleton

limbs

Long Bones

Long shaft with articular surfaces at/near ends Major bones of arms and legs

Short Bones

almost equal length and width Bones of wrists and ankles

Flat Bones

scapula and sternum

Irregular Bones

Irregular in shape Vertebrae

Sesamoid Bones

Embedded in tendons Patella

Wolff's Law

bone will form in areas of stress and resorb in areas of disuse

Osteopenia

loss of bone tissue with age

Osteoporosis

critically low bone mineral density

Fossa

depressed (concave) area on the bone (fossa + condyle of adjacent bones fit together- joint)

Condyle

rounded (convex) spot (often near/at end) (fossa + condyle of adjacent bones fit together- joint)

Tuberosity

raised area where a ligament/tendon attaches

Synthrodial Joints

Immovable by design Non-axial joints skull joints, teeth and jaw joints

Amphiarthrodial Joints

Slight degree of movement pubic symphysis, intervertebral articulations

Diathrodial Joints

Freely moveable synovial joints Uniaxial Joints, Biaxial Joints, Multi-axial Joints

Range of Motion

amount of movement a joint can make within a plane without causing pain

Tendons

Can withhold high forces without breaking Very strong Broken: can take a long time to heal- little bloodflow

Ligaments

Somewhat more elastic than tendons More stretch Provide joint stability

Parallel Muscles

fusiform, flat, triangular

Pennate Muscles

Tendon runs along length of the muscle and fibers are oriented at an angle towards it

Unipennate

muscle fibers insert on 1 side

Bipennate

muscle fibers insert on both sides

Moment of Force

measure of the turning effect produced by the force around an axis F (N) x Moment Arm (m)

1st Class Lever

2nd Class Lever

O - RF - EF Wheelbarrow mechanical advantage: >1 Rare in human body

3rd Class Lever

O - EF - RF Tweezers mechanical advantage: <1 Common in human body

Nonaxial Joint

no axis glide movement

Uniaxial Joint

1 axis hinge or pivot

Biaxial Joint

2 axis up and down and side to side

Triaxial Joint

special to the thumb gives us grip to pick things up

Multiaxial Joint

over 2 axis rotation