BPT10+Neuroanatomy
Anatomy of the Central Nervous System
Page 2:
Class content includes:
Anatomy of the skull
Encephalic distribution
Meninges and ventricles
Cortical organization and functional areas
Subcortical nuclei and structures
Encephalic irrigation
Page 8:
Sutures in the skull:
Fibrous joints with collagen
Categories: Calvarial sutures, Facial sutures, Internal sutures
Page 10:
Encephalic distribution:
Telencephalon: Neocortex, hippocampus, lateral ventricles
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon: Brainstem, cerebral peduncle
Rhombencephalon: Cerebellum, pons, medulla
Page 11:
Meninges and ventricles
Page 12:
Meninges:
Membranous cover of the CNS
Provides mechanical and immunological protection
Framework for vascularization
Page 13:
Dura mater:
Closest to the skull
Loosely arranged
Highly vascularized
Projections: Falx cerebri, Tentorium cerebelli, Diaphragm
Page 14:
Arachnoid mater:
Barely vascularized
Subdural and subarachnoid spaces
Page 15:
Pia mater:
Highly vascularized
Primary function: nutrition
Holds the shape of the gyri and sulci
Page 16:
Ventricles:
Production of CSF
Protection against mechanical damage
Adjustment of ICP
Lateral, third, and fourth ventricles
Page 19:
Cerebral lobes:
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal
Page 21:
Frontal lobe:
Delimitation and structures
Page 22:
Parietal lobe:
Delimitation and structures
Page 23:
Occipital lobe:
Delimitation and structures
Page 27:
Insular lobe:
Involved in sensory processing, addictive urges, behavioral modulation
Page 29:
Dominant vs. Non-dominant hemisphere:
Differences in connection complexity and activation in various processes
Page 30:
Penfield homunculus:
Representation of the body in the primary motor and somatosensory cortex
Page 32:
Primary cortical areas:
Primary somatosensory cortex, Primary motor cortex, Primary visual cortex, Primary auditory cortex, Entorhinal cortex
Page 33:
Secondary cortical areas:
Responsible for combining inputs from primary areas
Includes Frontal eye fields, Supplementary motor area, Premotor cortex, Broca area, Secondary visual cortex, Wernicke area
Page 34
PMC and SMA are involved in motor processing.
They utilize procedural memory to facilitate M1 activation.
PMC is activated in long-term procedural memory activities.
SMA is related to short-term procedural memory and spatial navigation.
Page 35
Broca area and Wernicke area are part of a network for communication.
Broca area is for speech production and syntax.
Wernicke area is for speech comprehension and understanding language.
Page 36
Tertiary areas like prefrontal cortex and temporal pole are responsible for interpreting information and decision-making.
Page 37
Prefrontal cortex has different regions like dmPFC, mPFC, dIPFC, vmPFC, vIPFC, and OFC.
Page 38
Different regions of the frontal cortex have specific functions related to cognitive processes and decision-making.
Page 39
Temporal pole links sensory areas and subcortical memory.
Laterality plays a role in language and abstraction.
Page 40
Temporal pole subdivisions are connected to different brain regions for various functions.
Page 41
Corpus callosum connects the right and left hemispheres, involved in disconnective disorders.
Page 43
Limbic system processes emotions, reasoning, and body responses.
Page 44
Hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, and other structures are involved in memory, emotions, and hormonal production.
Page 46
Amygdala is involved in emotional processing, memory, decision-making, attention, and fear responses.
Page 47
Cingulate cortex plays a role in reasoning, executive functions, and cognitive processes.
Page 49
Thalamus plays a crucial role in perception and communication between peripheral and central systems.
Page 52
Hypothalamus connects the nervous and endocrine systems, producing hormones for regulating body functions.
Page 54
Basal nuclei and ventral striatum regulate motor processes.
Page 56
Striatum connects the cerebral cortex for inputs and outputs, regulating movements and behavior.
Page 57
Putamen is involved in the regulation of movements and addictive behavior.
Page 58:
SNc and SNr are divided compact and reticulate.
They are the main producers of dopamine for the central nervous system.
They are the main output nucleus of regulatory pathways.
Page 59:
NbM connects ACh to different parts of the frontal and temporal cortices and the Amygdala.
It appears with a decreased volume in different types of dementia and severe cognitive deficit.
Suggests an excitatory/regulatory role in rational and emotional processes.
Page 60:
Claustrum is not considered a part of the basal nuclei.
It connects cortical areas for high cognitive functions.
It has high neuroplasticity due to high concentrations of BDNF and GNF.
In disorders of consciousness, it can be used as an on/off switch for deep brain stimulation.
Page 62:
Locus coeruleus produces norepinephrine, affecting behavior, memory, and hormone regulation.
Page 63:
Rhaphes nuclei belong to the reticular formation.
They are 6 nuclei deep embedded in the brainstem.
Their main function is to produce serotonin.
Page 64:
Cerebellum is involved in postural control and can be divided into 3 areas: vermis cerebellaris, flocculonodular lobe, anterior lobe, and posterior lobe.
Page 65:
Deep cerebellar nuclei represent the last station in the cerebellum before output leaves to other areas of the central nervous system.
Page 66:
Fastigial nucleus, Interposed nuclei, Dentate nucleus, and Lateral vestibular nucleus are involved in postural adaptation, sensory feedback affecting reflexes, voluntary movements, and regulation.
Page 67:
Red nucleus supports the transmission of motor information from the cerebellum to the spinal cord, involved in postural control and coordination.
Page 68:
Nucleus Edinger Westphal, Nucleus Oculomotorii, Nucleus Trochlearis, Nucleus Abducens, Nuclei Cochlearis, and Nuclei Vestibularis are brainstem nuclei responsible for various functions related to eye movements, pupillary reflex, and somatomotory innervation.
Page 69:
Various brainstem nuclei and cranial nerves are responsible for sensory and motor functions related to different parts of the body.
Page 70:
Different cranial nerves are responsible for various sensory and motor functions in the body.
Page 71:
CN3 innervation involves different branches responsible for innervating various facial muscles.
Page 74:
Main arteries and structures in the brain include the Internal carotid artery, Paravertebral artery, Basilar artery, Anterior inferior cerebellary artery, Posterior inferior cerebellary artery, Circle of Willis, Anterior cerebral artery, Middle cerebral artery, and Posterior cerebral artery.
Page 79:
Anterior Cerebral Artery (A.C.A.) branches:
Pericallosal artery
Recurrent Artery of Heubner
Communicating Artery A1 Segment
Location: Coronal Plane
Source: meddean.luc.edu
Page 80:
Middle Cerebral Artery (M.C.A.) segments:
Cortical (M3) Segment
L
BPT10+Neuroanatomy
Anatomy of the Central Nervous System
Page 2:
Class content includes:
Anatomy of the skull
Encephalic distribution
Meninges and ventricles
Cortical organization and functional areas
Subcortical nuclei and structures
Encephalic irrigation
Page 8:
Sutures in the skull:
Fibrous joints with collagen
Categories: Calvarial sutures, Facial sutures, Internal sutures
Page 10:
Encephalic distribution:
Telencephalon: Neocortex, hippocampus, lateral ventricles
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon: Brainstem, cerebral peduncle
Rhombencephalon: Cerebellum, pons, medulla
Page 11:
Meninges and ventricles
Page 12:
Meninges:
Membranous cover of the CNS
Provides mechanical and immunological protection
Framework for vascularization
Page 13:
Dura mater:
Closest to the skull
Loosely arranged
Highly vascularized
Projections: Falx cerebri, Tentorium cerebelli, Diaphragm
Page 14:
Arachnoid mater:
Barely vascularized
Subdural and subarachnoid spaces
Page 15:
Pia mater:
Highly vascularized
Primary function: nutrition
Holds the shape of the gyri and sulci
Page 16:
Ventricles:
Production of CSF
Protection against mechanical damage
Adjustment of ICP
Lateral, third, and fourth ventricles
Page 19:
Cerebral lobes:
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal
Page 21:
Frontal lobe:
Delimitation and structures
Page 22:
Parietal lobe:
Delimitation and structures
Page 23:
Occipital lobe:
Delimitation and structures
Page 27:
Insular lobe:
Involved in sensory processing, addictive urges, behavioral modulation
Page 29:
Dominant vs. Non-dominant hemisphere:
Differences in connection complexity and activation in various processes
Page 30:
Penfield homunculus:
Representation of the body in the primary motor and somatosensory cortex
Page 32:
Primary cortical areas:
Primary somatosensory cortex, Primary motor cortex, Primary visual cortex, Primary auditory cortex, Entorhinal cortex
Page 33:
Secondary cortical areas:
Responsible for combining inputs from primary areas
Includes Frontal eye fields, Supplementary motor area, Premotor cortex, Broca area, Secondary visual cortex, Wernicke area
Page 34
PMC and SMA are involved in motor processing.
They utilize procedural memory to facilitate M1 activation.
PMC is activated in long-term procedural memory activities.
SMA is related to short-term procedural memory and spatial navigation.
Page 35
Broca area and Wernicke area are part of a network for communication.
Broca area is for speech production and syntax.
Wernicke area is for speech comprehension and understanding language.
Page 36
Tertiary areas like prefrontal cortex and temporal pole are responsible for interpreting information and decision-making.
Page 37
Prefrontal cortex has different regions like dmPFC, mPFC, dIPFC, vmPFC, vIPFC, and OFC.
Page 38
Different regions of the frontal cortex have specific functions related to cognitive processes and decision-making.
Page 39
Temporal pole links sensory areas and subcortical memory.
Laterality plays a role in language and abstraction.
Page 40
Temporal pole subdivisions are connected to different brain regions for various functions.
Page 41
Corpus callosum connects the right and left hemispheres, involved in disconnective disorders.
Page 43
Limbic system processes emotions, reasoning, and body responses.
Page 44
Hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, and other structures are involved in memory, emotions, and hormonal production.
Page 46
Amygdala is involved in emotional processing, memory, decision-making, attention, and fear responses.
Page 47
Cingulate cortex plays a role in reasoning, executive functions, and cognitive processes.
Page 49
Thalamus plays a crucial role in perception and communication between peripheral and central systems.
Page 52
Hypothalamus connects the nervous and endocrine systems, producing hormones for regulating body functions.
Page 54
Basal nuclei and ventral striatum regulate motor processes.
Page 56
Striatum connects the cerebral cortex for inputs and outputs, regulating movements and behavior.
Page 57
Putamen is involved in the regulation of movements and addictive behavior.
Page 58:
SNc and SNr are divided compact and reticulate.
They are the main producers of dopamine for the central nervous system.
They are the main output nucleus of regulatory pathways.
Page 59:
NbM connects ACh to different parts of the frontal and temporal cortices and the Amygdala.
It appears with a decreased volume in different types of dementia and severe cognitive deficit.
Suggests an excitatory/regulatory role in rational and emotional processes.
Page 60:
Claustrum is not considered a part of the basal nuclei.
It connects cortical areas for high cognitive functions.
It has high neuroplasticity due to high concentrations of BDNF and GNF.
In disorders of consciousness, it can be used as an on/off switch for deep brain stimulation.
Page 62:
Locus coeruleus produces norepinephrine, affecting behavior, memory, and hormone regulation.
Page 63:
Rhaphes nuclei belong to the reticular formation.
They are 6 nuclei deep embedded in the brainstem.
Their main function is to produce serotonin.
Page 64:
Cerebellum is involved in postural control and can be divided into 3 areas: vermis cerebellaris, flocculonodular lobe, anterior lobe, and posterior lobe.
Page 65:
Deep cerebellar nuclei represent the last station in the cerebellum before output leaves to other areas of the central nervous system.
Page 66:
Fastigial nucleus, Interposed nuclei, Dentate nucleus, and Lateral vestibular nucleus are involved in postural adaptation, sensory feedback affecting reflexes, voluntary movements, and regulation.
Page 67:
Red nucleus supports the transmission of motor information from the cerebellum to the spinal cord, involved in postural control and coordination.
Page 68:
Nucleus Edinger Westphal, Nucleus Oculomotorii, Nucleus Trochlearis, Nucleus Abducens, Nuclei Cochlearis, and Nuclei Vestibularis are brainstem nuclei responsible for various functions related to eye movements, pupillary reflex, and somatomotory innervation.
Page 69:
Various brainstem nuclei and cranial nerves are responsible for sensory and motor functions related to different parts of the body.
Page 70:
Different cranial nerves are responsible for various sensory and motor functions in the body.
Page 71:
CN3 innervation involves different branches responsible for innervating various facial muscles.
Page 74:
Main arteries and structures in the brain include the Internal carotid artery, Paravertebral artery, Basilar artery, Anterior inferior cerebellary artery, Posterior inferior cerebellary artery, Circle of Willis, Anterior cerebral artery, Middle cerebral artery, and Posterior cerebral artery.
Page 79:
Anterior Cerebral Artery (A.C.A.) branches:
Pericallosal artery
Recurrent Artery of Heubner
Communicating Artery A1 Segment
Location: Coronal Plane
Source: meddean.luc.edu
Page 80:
Middle Cerebral Artery (M.C.A.) segments:
Cortical (M3) Segment
L