chapter 14- chem 30

akane

single

yes- each carbon is bonded to as many other atoms as possible

yes

contain no benzene ring

CnH2n+2

any set of molecules that differ by one specific unit- ik CH2. Alkanes form homologous series

find questions in notes/textbook (pg 549, 550)

gas at standard temps, LDF acts on them, boiling points of small alkanes are below 25 degrees celsius, as length of the carbon chain increases- intermolecular force become stronger and medium length are liquid at standard temp, very long ones are waxy solids, not soluble in water

alkene

yes

in textbook

non-polar and do not dissolve in water. First 3 alkenes are gasses at standard temp, intermediate sized ones are liquids, boiling points are slightly lower than alkanes.

CnH2n

double

alkyne

yes- they lack a benzene ring

triple

CnH2n-2

they are both unsaturated

in textbook

non-polar, insoluble in water, the first few are gases, alkynes have higher boiling points than their corresponding alkanes and alkenes. the linear structure of them, and the triple bond cause them to attack one another more strongly than alkenes and alkanes,l so it takes more energy to overcome the forces.

cyclic hydrocarbon

yes- lacking a benzene ring

can be alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, they are non-polar, they form rings

in text

aromatic hydrocarbon

derived from a benzene ring, have intense aromas, benzene is liquid at standard temp, similar boiling points to the aliphatic hydrocarbons of the same length.

textbook

alcohol

hydrocarbon derivative that contains an -OH. small alcohols are polar. as the hydrocarbon chain becomes longer, the non-polar characteristics make them insoluble in water. boiling points of pure alcohols are much higher than the alkanes. all straight chain alcohols with fewer than 12 carbons are liquid at standard temp.

alkyl halide

Hydrocarbons that contain at least one halogen atom.

in textbook

carboxylic acid

contains a carboxyl group- COOH. very polar, boiling points much higher than other hydrocarbon derivatives. Short chain- liquids, longer are waxy solids. Soluble in water (1-4 carbons), less soluble (5-9), insoluble (10+) Weak acids.

text

ester

text

the C=O group makes them somewhat polar, but without the OH they cannot form H bonds. Boiling point lower than corresponding alcohols, and carboxylic acids. Smaller esters are liquids at standard temp, and longer chains are waxy solids. Esters with 4 or less carbons are soluble, any more is not. volatility allows them to generate aromas.