BIOL 233 Animals

Oxygen to all cells. Nutrients from the digestive system to all cells. Waste products from cells and returns them to the respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems for disposal. Hormones from where they are secreted to their target organs

immune response and thermoregulation

water

coelomic fluid

extracellular fluid

There is a vessel from the heart that supplies the gills and one that supplies the rest of the body.

Haemolymph

Cancer cells, Damaged cells, Fats, Bacteria and viruses, White blood cells (lymphocytes)

lower

Venous pressure combined with muscles in the legs squeezing the veins, and the valves in veins.

carries endocrine molecules, proteins, solutes, that includes nutrients, gasses, and wastes

Erythrocytes, thrombocytes, leukocytes

where gas, nutrient and waste exchange happens between the blood and the cells.

of the small diameter of the vessels, which allows for more time for the exchange of materials

complete basement membrane and continuous endothelium with intercellular clefts. Least amount of exchange. Found in muscle, skin, lungs and CNS

complete basement membrane and continuous, fenestrated endothelium. Greater exchange. Found in endocrine glands, small intestine and kidneys.

discontinuous basement membrane and discontinuous, fenestrated endothelium. Maximum exchange. Found in liver, spleen and bone marrow

lymphatic capillaries, vessels and ducts

the bloodstream at the junctions of the jugular and subclavian veins on each side of the body

By movement of the body and in "lymph hearts" in amphibians, reptiles and some birds.

Fish, they have a single circuit and a two chamber heart

the sinoatrial node

the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

The developments of lungs

One circuit goes to the lungs, where the blood is oxygenated. This oxygenated blood returns to the heart to be circulated to the body. Found in amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

increasing separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

three, with two atria and one ventricle. Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood don’t mix in the atria and ventricle is partly divided to reduce the mixing.

To maintain normal blood pressure and volume and prevents fluid from building up in tissues

Fluid build up in the tissues (swelling)

Filter out all the waste from the lymph

The increased efficiency of the heart of birds and mammals

Endothelium, Elastic fibers (two layers in arteries), Smooth muscle (thicker in arteries), Connective tissue

Arteries are under much higher and need to be able to recoil and not burst each time a pulse of blood comes through.

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation

lowers blood flow through a particular artery

Increase blood flow to a particular artery

three, two branchial hearts send blood to the gills and a systemic heart that sends blood to the body

most have five hearts, blood flows away from the heart through ventral vessels and returns through dorsal vessels

Higher pressure and more rapid blood flow. Blood flow can be targeted to individual organs. Blood flow to organs can be adjusted depending on the need of the body

They have a septum that partly divides the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the ventricle.

By increasing surface area, decreasing distances across the respiratory surfaces, and increasing gas concentration differences.

Diffusion across a moist surface

Made up of multiple thin lamellae connected to capillaries.

Water flows over the gill lamella opposite to blood flow resulting in counter current reparation

Ventilation using the buccal cavity and the operculum; meaning they can breathe at rest. Ex. bony fish

Tuna and sharks swim constantly with their mouths open to ensure a constant flow of water over their gills

Seen in carps and salmonids, branched off of the esophagus, highly vascularized. These fish will gulp air into their swim bladder and gas exchange will occur across its surface. Can be used to control buoyancy

Vascularized expansion of the first gill arch through which they exchange gas. Ex. Betta fish

They have a highly vascularized pharyngeal cavity that can be used for cutaneous respiration

They have actual lungs connected to their pharynx. They also have gills but most supplement this oxygen with oxygen from the lungs

Moisture

Tracheal system

Book lungs

Faveolar and they are ventilated through positive pressure

Faveolar and they are ventilated through negative pressure

Their metabolism is lower due to them being ectothermic.

to provide sufficient oxygen for their metabolism and activities

Across the thin walls of the alveoli.

Created by the contraction of the diaphragm and expansion of the chest wall. Ex. mammals

The alveoli cannot be completely emptied, so there it always some residual air left inside them

The flow-through design means there is no residual air left in the lungs and gas is being exchanged constantly.

The air sacs

Intercostal and abdominal muscles

The muscles contract to squeeze air out of the sacs. When the muscles relax, air is drawn into the sacs

because when crocodilians evolved the atmosphere had less oxygen than it does currently

Haemoglobin

four

Uses iron to bind oxygen, but does not have heme groups, despite its name. It binds oxygen as OOH- as opposed to O2

The number of osmotically active moles of solute per litre of solution

The ability of a solution to change the volume of a cell by osmosis

lose water and shrink

take in water and swell

there will be no movement of water

The difference in concentration on both sides of a semipermeable membrane.

Have body fluids that are isotonic to seawater preventing an osmotic gradient. Most marine invertebrates

Maintain constant blood osmolarity while having different concentrations than their surroundings. All other vertebrates

diffusion through their gills

urea

Have protonephridia (tubules) that branch throughout their body into flame cells. Cilia in the flame cells move fluid throughout the body. Water and metabolites are reabsorbed in flame cells and wastes are excreted through pores

Have nephridia that open to both the inside and outside of the body. Coelomic fluid is filtered into the funnel shaped nephrostomes. As filtrate is moved salt is reabsorbed through active transport

Found in insects, draw waste molecules and potassium ions through active transport. The resulting gradient draws water into the tubule and is later reabsorbed with the potassium ion in the hindgut.

uric acid

The structural unit of the vertebral kidney. Filters blood under pressure to create tubular fluid, wastes are secreted into the fluid, and other molecules, ions, and water are reabsorbed. Molecules are them secreted from the blood

It can be adapted to many environments and unknown wastes can still be filtered out of the system

Freshwater fish, they produce dilute urine and retain electrolytes through active transport of sodium ions across the skin from the water

store urine and reabsorb water while they are in terrestrial environments

Water, salt

salt glands located around the nose or eyes.

True

uric acid, this requires little water that is later absorbed by their cloaca

intracellular

Digestive enzymes are released into the cavity and food is broken down and absorbed by the cells lining the cavity. Ex. cnidarians and platyhelminths

Seprate mouth and anus allowing for specialization. Different regions have different functions

Nematodes

Earthworms

First part of digestion, mechanical fragmentation

diets

obtain food, mix it with saliva, and manipulate food for swallowing

Extends from the soft palate to the esophagus, it is muscular and moves food into the esophagus.

gill rakers which are located in their pharynx