AP Pyschology Unit 1: Research and Approachs

Considered the father of pyschology.

A student of William Wundt and introduced structuralism.

The study of basic structures that make up the mind.

The study of how the brain adapts and functions.

The theory that behaviors, are from unconscious drives and conflicts. Things from our childhood unconsciously effects us without knowing .

The father/founder of pyschoanalytic perspective.

How our thoughts impact our behavior. (What you think you will feel)

The founders of the cognitive perspective.

We are in control and choose the majority of our behaviors.

The founders of the humanistic perspective.

We learn our behaviors through rewards, punishment, and observation. Our personaility is learned.

The founders of the behavioral perspective.

How the body/brain impacts our behavior and emotions.

How some of traits that our ancestors had effect us today. Our behavior is impacted by our ancestors traits.

How your environment impacts who you are, beliefs of society effects who your are today.

A belief or an idea about something. Has not yet been proven.

Testable prediction induced by a theory, to enable us to except or reject a statement.

An exact description, that needs to be descripitve and measurable. This allows replication of a study.

When you think you knew something all along after the outcome has occurred.

A in depth study of a person or small group of people.

A research method of observing research subjects in real life settings and recording behavioral patterns. Involves no interaction between the observer and the people.

Asserting self reported attitudes of people. Usually through a response to questions.

When the group of subjects in your experiment accurately depicts the population. This should fairly depict the overall population, covering various ethnicities, socioeconomic classes, gender, and age.( CHOOSING PARTCIPATES IN THE STUDY/EXPERIMENT)

Happens in a survey when words influence a certain response. This can change fidings ina survey.

Example a study says that you will eat more ice cream if you experience a drowning. Just because there is a correlation between the two does not equal that if you drown you will eat more ice cream.

Naturalistic observations and surveys that show that two things are related to each other. (Example: Hight influences a persons weight.)

r score

Score between -1- 0 - 1

Closer a number is to either -1 or 1 it proves correlation.

R scores -1 and 1 are?

When we perceive random events as being correlated. (Example Sugar makes people hyperactive)

Shows relationship between to quantitative variables.

A controlled environment where are able to test your hypotheses, and find correlation between variables.

The group that is exposed to the independent variable.(Group that is given the drug)

The group that is used for comparison purposes, to be sure your results are due to your independent variable.(not exposed to the drug)

Every participant having an equal chance of being in either the experimental group or the control group.(DICTATES WHICH GROUP)

Random assignment is used in…

The researcher doesn’t know who is in the experimental or control group.(PREVENTS BIAS)

The variable that is manipulated by the experimenter, usually the if part of a statement.

(Example:drug)

The outcome of a case study or experiment. Effected by the independent variable.

(Example: Depression symptoms)

A variable of the experiment the reasrcher has not accounted for. ( Example: Amount of sleep)

The fake drug.

Summarizes results with numbers or quantitative data about the group studied.

Apply’s results to a general population. Generalize the results.(Example: Statistical Significance)

-Histograms

-Meausres of Central tendency

-Normal curves

-Measures of variability

-Correlations

Bar graphs or history destirpution that depect frequency distributions.

Notice the label on the vertical access makeing the data look very different.

Mean, Mode, Median

Average of all numbers. Add up all the numbers and the divide by the number of numbers

Most frequently occuring number.

Middle number. Line numbers up from lowest to highest to find the absloute middle number.

Extremely low or high scores.

Mean is higher then the Median. Few high scores pulling the mean up.

Tail is to the right.

Mean is lower than the median . Few low scores pulling the mean down.

Tail is to the left.

When the Mean, Median, and Mode are the same. No Skewed Data

The gap between the highest and lowest score. Highest score minus the lowest score.

Data is more spread out.

Data is more closer together.

Gives you information of how far the each individual score is spread from the mean.

1-Find the Mean

2- How far a score is away from the mean, and then minus/add that score by how far away it it.

3-Then add up the numbers=sum of deviations

4-Then square root the→ Sum of deviations/The number of scores

What is the number of standard deviations away from the mean.

(Example: Z score +1= One standard deviation above the mean, Z score -2= 2 standard deviations below the mean.

Found from highley replicated experiments. Results are not likely due to chance. That less than 5 percent chance of the results are accidental.

Likely due to chance or accidental . Not Statistically Significant.

Not due to chance. Statistically Significant.

Psychologists provide a prompt opportunity for participants to obtain appropriate information about the nature, results, and conclusions of the research, and they take reasonable steps to correct any misconceptions that participants may have of which the psychologists are aware.

When psychologist conduct an experiment or assement. They obtain the informed consent of the individual or individuals using language that is understandable to that person or persons.

Psychologists do not participate in, facilitate, assist, or otherwise engage in torture, defined as any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person, or in any other cruel, inhuman, or degrading behavior.

Psychologist must have approval before conducting research. They also have to provide accurate information of such research.

Psychologist can’t lie to participants unless it is for value.

Psychologists trained in research methods and experienced in the care of laboratory animals supervise all procedures involving animals and are responsible for ensuring appropriate consideration of their comfort, health, and humane treatment.

Introduced functionalism.