IB DTech Semester 1 Final

The ability of a product to be changed in size, commonly used to increase the range of percentiles that a product is appropriate for.

Example: An office chair is adjustable in regards to its height, comfort, etc.

The level of vigilance, readiness or caution of an individual.

A person's sense of physical or psychological tiredness.

How mental processes, (memory, reasoning, motor response and perception), affect the interactions between users and other components of a system.

Functional data includes dynamic data measurements while performing a required task e.g. reaching abilities, manoeuvring and aspects of space and equipment use.

A person's sense of physical or psychological ease

The application of scientific information concerning the relationship between human beings and the design of products, systems and environments

An automatic system that a person uses to interpret information and react. It is normally comprised of inputs, processes (which can be sensory, central and motor), and outputs.

Mistakes made by users, some of which can result in catastrophic consequences for people, property and the environment, as they are considered key contributors to major accidents

Human body measurements taken when the subject is in motion related to range and reach of various body movements. E.g. crawling height, overhead reach and the range of upper body movements.

A scientific discipline concerned with understanding how humans interact with elements of a system. It can also be considered the practice of designing products, systems or processes to take account of the interaction between them and their users. It is also known as comfort design, functional design and user-friendly systems.

Refers to measurements taken while the subject is in a fixed or standard position, e.g. height, arm length.

Human factor data related to physical characteristics used to optimise the user's safety, health, comfort and performance

That proportion of a population with a dimension at or less than a given value. For a given demographic (gender, race, age), the 50th percentile is the average

Data collected by a user for a specific purpose.

The way in which something is regarded, understood or interpreted.

The physical space between two objects.

The research and analysis of the mechanics of living organisms. Biomechanics in Human factors includes the research and analysis of the mechanics (operation of our muscles, joints, tendons, etc.) of our

human body. It also includes Force (impact on user's joints), Repetition, Duration and Posture.

Interval data are based on numeric scales in which we know the order and the exact difference between the values. Organised into even divisions or intervals, and intervals are of equal size.

A selection of sizes a product is made in that caters for the majority of a market.

A ratio scale allows you to compare differences between numbers.

For example, use a rating scale of 1-10 to evaluate user responses.

Typically descriptive data used to find out in depth the way people think or feel - their perception. Useful for research at the individual or small (focus) group level.

Data that can be measured and recorded using numbers. Examples include height, shoe size, and fingernail length.

Human body measurements when the subject is still

A set of psychological factors that can affect the performance of an individual that come from the environment that the individual is situated.

Data collected by someone other than the user.

These factors can be considered to maximise performance of a user

in a role and reduce the risk of accidents. They can be categorised as:

• Management (policies, safety education)

• Physical environment (noise, temperature, pollutants, trip hazards, signage)

• Equipment design (controls, visibility, hazards, warnings, safety guards)

• The nature of the job (repetitiveness, mental or physical workload, force, pressure)

• Social or psychological environment (Social group, morale)

• The worker (personal ability, alertness, age, fatigue)

A statistical data type that exists on an arbitrary numerical scale

where the exact numerical value has no significance other than to rank a set of data points. Deals with the order or position of items

such as words, letters, symbols or numbers arranged in a hierarchical

order. Quantitative assessment cannot be made

Nominal means 'by name' and used in classification or division of objects into discrete groups. Each of which is identified with a name e.g. category of cars, and the scale does not provide any measurement within or between categories.

Human factor data related to psychological interpretations caused by light, smell, sound, taste, temperature and texture.

The aspect of ergonomics that deals with body measurements,

particularly those of size, strength and physical capacity.

An economy model in which resources remain in use for as long as possible, from which maximum value is extracted while in use, and the products and materials are recovered and regenerated at the end of the product life cycle.

Products, services or processes that reduce waste and require the minimum amount of non-renewable resources.

A system that simultaneously generates heat and electricity from either the combustion of fuel, or a solar heat collector.

The synergistic merging of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information and communication technologies and cognitive science.

A design philosophy that aims to eliminate waste from the production, use and disposal of a product. It centres on products which are made to be made again

A design philosophy that considers the environmental effects of a product all of the way from manufacture to disposal.

The reduction of total material and energy throughout of any product and service

Software that allows designers to perform Life cycle analysis (LCA) on a product and assess its environmental impact.

A design strategy that focusses on three broad environmental categories - materials, energy, and pollution/waste.

The total energy required to produce a product.

Technology that is used to reduce pollutants and waste at the end of a

process.

The method with which energy is transported from a source to where it is used.

The method with which energy is stored for later use.

The method with which energy is used.

Designing in a way that takes account of the environmental impact of the product throughout its life.

Laws and regulations that are based on conservation and sustainability principles, followed by designers and manufacturers when creating green products.

Products which are improved and developed over time leading to new versions and generations.

The ability of an individual to use devices to create small amounts of energy to run low-energy products.

Laws considered collectively to address a certain topic.

The assessment of the effect a product has on the environment through five stages of its life: pre-production; production; distribution (including packaging); utilization; and disposal.

An economy based on the make, use, dispose model.

CHP plants that generate heat and power for a local community - the plant is close enough to the community so that the heat generated can be dispersed through the community efficiently.

An electrical supply distribution network that can be national or international. International grids allow electricity generated in one country to be used in another.

A natural resource that cannot be re-made or re-grown as it does not naturally re-form at a rate that makes its use sustainable, for example, coal, petroleum and natural gas

Also known as the product life cycle, it is a cycle that every product goes through from introduction to withdrawal or discontinuation.

The processes of separating the component parts of a product to recover the parts and materials.

Defining numerically the carbon emissions generated by a particular product

Where a completely new product is devised by going back to the roots of a problem and thinking about a solution in a different way

Rebuilding a product so that it is in an "as new" condition, and is generally used in the context of car engines and tyres.

Strategies for the separation of components of a product in order to recover raw materials.

Recycling refers to using the materials from obsolete products to create other products.

To redesign components or products to improve their characteristics or performance.

The level at which a resource is renewable. The rate that a resource can be replenished.

A natural resource that can replenished with the passage of time, or does not abate at all.

The reconstruction or renewal of any part of an existing structure or device.

Reserves are natural resources that have been identified in terms of quantity and quality.

Resources are the stock or supply of materials that are available in a given context.

Reuse of a product in the same context or in a different context

Solutions that are implemented to deal with the whole system, rather than just components.

The anticipation of potential problems in relation to the environmental impact of the production, use and disposal of a product.

The avoidance or minimization of producing waste in relation to the production, use and disposal of a product.

Strategies used to reduce the waste produced by a product or in the

production and disposal of a product.

A model developed to look and feel like the final product.

The ability to link graphic screens together in such a way as to simulate motion or a process.

A diagram that shows how components fit together to make a whole. Typically presented in an exploded view.

A designer creates part geometry independent of the assembly or any other component. Although there are often some design criteria established before modelling the part, this information is not shared between models. Once all parts are completed, they are brought together for the first time in the assembly.

The use of computers to aid the design process.

A model that exists in the mind used to help us know and understand ideas.

A model that determines the structure of data.

Computer simulation of a variety of mechanical and biological aspects of the human body

The degree to which a prototype is exactly like the final product.

The calculation and simulation of unknown factors in products using CAD systems. For example, simulating the stresses within a welded car part.

A type of drawing technique that has fixed rules, the most widely used being isometric projection and perspective drawing.

A 3D printing technique that places melted layers of material on a bed to build up a 3D model.

A visualization of an idea, often created on paper or through software, in two or three dimensions.

An emerging technology that interfaces the user

via the sense of touch.

Prototypes that are equipped with the ability to take measurements to provide accurate quantitative feedback for analysis.

A system that virtually slices a 3D CAD model into thin layers, then cuts out each layer from a roll of material using a laser or plotter cutter. The layers can then be glued in the correct order to create a 3D model.

A scale or full-size representation of a product used to gain feedback from users.

The recording of human and animal movement by any means, for example, by video, magnetic or electro-mechanical devices.

Orthographic drawings of the components of an assembly containing details just about that component.

A set of formal drawing techniques that depicts an object as getting smaller and closer together the further away they are. The techniques drawings are one-point perspective, two-point perspective, and three-point perspective.

The creation of a smaller or larger tangible version of an object that can be physically interacted with.

Systems of drawings that are accurately drawn, the two main types are isometric projection (formal drawing technique) and orthographic projection (working drawing technique).

A sample or model built to test a concept or process, or to act as an object to be replicated or learned from. Prototypes can be developed at a range of fidelity and for different contexts.

Drawings that are bigger or smaller than the real product, but exactly in proportion with product.

A model that is either a smaller or larger physical copy of an object.

An additive manufacturing technique that uses a laser to fuse small particles of material into a mass that has a desired 3D shape.

Rough drawings of ideas used to convey or refine the idea.