AP Human Geography - Test Prep

The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered

A continuous urban complex in the northeastern US

In the US, and urbanized area of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city.

Higher land price leads to taller buildings and underground cities (parking garages, electrical lines, etc.)

A residential or commercial area situated within an urban area but outside the central city

Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area

The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery

Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland

Legally adding land area to a city in the U.S

Forms of transportation meant to fit more people than a car, such as a train, or bus.

5 big changes in transportation in communication. Sail Wagon (1790-1830), Iron Horse (1830-1870), Steel Rail (1870-1920), Auto-Air-Amenity (1920-1970), Satellite-Jet Propulsion (1970-current).

Urban areas were clustered along the Atlantic Coast. Communication was primarily by wind-powered ships floating up and down the U.S. coast.

Steam-powered railroads provided transport from outlying areas into cities. Canals connected newly founded inland cities with existing urban centers on the East Coast.

Long-haul rail lines connected urban areas around the country. Travel time between cities was greatly reduced.

The gasoline engine made it possible for motor vehicles to become the dominant transport within and between urban areas. Gasoline powered airplanes facilitated travel between distant urban centers.

The current era is characterized by the ability to communicate electronically, as well as to control transport systems electronically.

Protect housing homogeneity and may mandate: house size, lot size, and price of homes. Ordinances discourage lower income families entry by pricing homes high.

An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urban areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods

A dense core of census tracts, densely settled suburbs, and low-density land that links the dense suburbs with the core

In the United States, an urban area with at least 50,000 inhabitants

An extension of the CBD, and houses many commercial and industrial applications.

City grows outward from CBD in rings. Newer housing is found at the outer rings

One of three different types of CBD’s: Colonial, Traditional or Periodic Market. CBD’s are surrounded by informal or squatter settlements. Common in Africa

Specific types of development expand out from the CBD in corridors or wedges. Sectors are organized by income of residents.

CBD has both modern and traditional elements. Traditional elements include commercial spines t, and a disamenity sector. Found in Latin America

Cities grow around nodes of activity, and different ethnicities prefer different kinds of nodes.

Main node is a port, and there is no true CBD. Government, Western, and Alien zones appear. Found in South Eastern Asia.

Residences move into CBD’s, and consumer and public services are advanced, and more common. European cities choose to build less skyscrapers to preserve it’s ancient history.

Statistical analysis used to identify where people of similar living standards, ethnic background, and lifestyle live within an urban area.

A node of office, development, or retail activities on the edge of an urban area

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures

People trapped in a cycle of poverty in a inner city.

Older homes are turned into apartments, property maintenance is hard, and value declines

Government-owned housing rented to low-income people (Pruitt-Igoe project)

Demolition of older neighborhoods, typically low income areas

Renovating an area of an inner city to meet the tastes of middle class civilians.

Development that creates neighborhoods that promotes a sense of community. Includes a central shopping district surrounded by residential areas that support diversity.

Racism in banking system. Banks draw lines that restrict minority movement

Unscrupulous real estate encourage white homeowner to sell property

Provision or promise contained in the deed to land. Many covenants prohibit the sale of property to a person of color.

As African Americans move from southern cities to northern cities, whites move to suburbs.

An urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit (or municipality)

Sector with no city services (plumbing, sewage system), possibly controlled by gangs. Common in Latin America.

CBD is surrounded by large suburbs and is encompassed by a ring road. Suburbs along the road are called edge cities. Different ethnicities gravitate to different nodes.

People that live in the same area want the same product

Unemployment, crime, drug use, poor access to services, less and less government assistance

Filtering, Urban renewal, Gentrification

Motorists are forced to pay a fee when driving into a central area. Found in London and Stockholm

Motorists are charged for using a highway or freeway. Found in California, Illinois, and Toronto

Motorists must buy a license to drive down the busiest roads. Found in Singapore, and some Chinese cities plan to incorporate this in the future

Vehicles are banned from certain portions of the city at a certain time of day. Found in Copenhagen, Munich, Vienna, Zurich, and Haarlem

Ernest Burgess in 1923

Homer Hoyt in 1939

Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman in 1945

Chauncey Harris in 1960

Harm deBlij

Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford

T.G. McGee

Barriadas, Favelas, Bidonvilles, Bastees, Gecekondu, Kampongs, and Barong-Barong

Sector Model

Elite Sector

They followed the population out to the suburbs

Solid waste and sewer disposal, construction of affordable housing, and traffic management.