Roth South Asia Test Review

Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal

Afghanistan (Kabul), Pakistan (Islamabad), India (New Delhi), Nepal (Kathmandu), Bangladesh (Daka), Bhutan (Thimphu), Sri Lanka (Colombo and Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte), Maldives (Malé)

Indus River is in Pakistan and the Ganges River is in India

Hindu Kush Mountains are in Afghanistan and Pakistan, Great Indian Desert is in the Northwest side of India, Western Ghats are in the southernmost tip of India, Eastern Ghats are on the eastern edge of India, Deccan Plateau is in the middle of the southern end of India, Himalaya Mountains span the northern edge of India, Nepal, and Bhutan

Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, the Vedas texts for the vedic religion were sanskrit writings of oral stories that laid the groundwork for hinduism

• India and Bangladesh

• 318 people died

• +4000 villages destroyed

• 9 million people displaced

• 166,000 hectares of ares destroyed

Portugal

The Mughal Empire

The East India Company was probably the most powerful corporation in history. At its height, it dominated global trade between Europe, South Asia and the Far East, fought numerous wars using its own army and navy, and conquered and colonised modern day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Burma. The East India Company was loyal to Britain.

Pakistan (northwest), India (central and southwest), and China (northeast)

The LOC is a 450 mile-long military control line which serves as a frontier slicing the disputed Indian and Pakistani governed parts of Kashmir into two. Both countries claim the region in full. The line is covered in most parts with heavy coils of barbed wire–a fence put in place by India–and dotted with Indi

The Prime minister of India is Narendra Modi and he has been in power since 2014. He is a part of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh which is a hindu nationalist and conservative right winged party, which was modeled and inspired by the italian fascist party. He is also a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party which is hindu nationalist and is the ruling political party, it has a neoliberal economy and it is socially conservative.

3

The Italian Fascista Party

The practice of combining different religious beliefs and various schools of thought (like monotheism/dualism/polytheism)

Dragon King

A true Monarchy

• Operation Enduring Freedom

• taliban tries to negotiate handing him over if evidence of his guilt was provided, US rejects attempts and doesn’t present evidence

When used to describe an undesirable military situation where one is trying to find victory anywhere they can, quagmire is frequently found in reference to the involvement of the United States in Vietnam.

The Soviet Union

Islamic warriors who were fighting the regime/soviet union or Afghanistan's government in the Afghanistan civil war

The taliban rose to power out of islamic madrasas in Pakistan

Neoliberalism

Bengal was in the process of Industrialicing which significantly contributed to manufacturing advances in the first industrial revolution

Nepal and Bhutan

Forge steel using power from monsoon wind

• 169.4 million people (26 million more people than Russia)

• 143,998 km^2 (about the size of Iowa)

• very high population density → which is why floods ruin it so easily

• looks like Lousiana on a map because both of them are sinking

• formerly known as East Pakistan

Bangladesh

• civilization complex

• a cradle of civilizations (the earliest civilizations that popped up)

• working pipes

• complex urban infrastructure

• Greek Bactria (possible Greek pantheon influencing idolization of the buddha/mixed Hindu and Greek mythology, a greek society thousands of miles away from Greece)

• sikh religion founded in this region

• equality, social justice, service to humanity, and tolerance for other religions

• attached in North America → islamaphobia

• humans have been there since at least 50,000 years ago

• home to over a dozen ethnic groups

• population of between 33-38 million people ( gap of 5 million people due to recent conflict)

• multi-lingual , official language Dari and Pashto

• mountainous with certain regions of good farmlands

• landlocked, about the size of Texas

• extremely dry even with a lot of rivers and reservoirs

• historically critical to silk road

• blend of Greek, Persian, and Indian cultures

• syncretist religious milieu (blend of multiple religions)

• monarchry but not independent

• fought over by Russia during 19th century

• technically became a British Colony

• was neutral at first during WW1 before leader was assassinated →Hindu-German Conspiracy (plan to attack British Raj)

• moved towards building relationships with the soviet union and weimar germany after a war with britain in WW1

• major reforms throughout 1930s

• joined league of nations in 1934

• close relations with the axis powers up into WW2

• did not get involved in WW2 and didn’t pick a side in cold war → the US and soviets intervened economically and soviets invested more per capita

• bloodless coup in 1973 created an Islamic Republic

• bloody coup in 1978, people’s democratic party of Afghanistan took power

• fell into civil war in 1979

• 1979

• mujahideen and Maoist guerrillas vs regime forces

• mujahideen backed by US and Pakistani intelligence agencies, the regime backed by soviets

• soviets lost faith int he regime, invade in 1979. new regime backed by soviet army. the US, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and China backing rebel groups

• turns into a quagmire

• soviets pull out and government collapses in 1991

• warlord period until 1994 (no central authority)

• mujahideen commits major crimes against humanity during this time

• taliban rises to power out of islamic madrases in Pakistan

• taliban takes Kabul in 1996

• 1996

• implements sharia law, subjects women, carries out mass killings, destroys villages and fertile lands

• opposition group called Northern Alliance resists the Taliban, Pakistan intervenes with thousands of troops to help the taliban

• osama bin laden and associates carry out the 9/11/2001 attacks

• US/UK launch Operation Enduring Freedom on October 7, 2001

• taliban wants evidence of his guilt in return for him but the US rejects this offer

• bin laden is finally assassinated in Pakistan in May 2011

• landlocked and mountainous

• British buffer state

• passed between Indian, Chinese, and Mongolian Empires

• became unified under the Tibetan Lama Monarchy

• government form :constitutional monarchy

• Druk Gyalpo (dragon king) is the head of state

• tourism is a major industry but it is exploitive

• considered “low impact, high value”

• key reason for economy opening up in 1974

• known for bright and vibrant festivals

• only country in the world to be carbon-negative (3x the CO2 than it produces)

• 72% of county is forest

• banned smoking in the 1990s (stopped all tobacco sales by 2004 and it is the first country to be free of smokers)

• was closed off until the 1970s

• didn’t get internet or tv until 1999

• banned plastic bags in 1999

• no traffic lights

• hydropower biggest export at 32.4% of total exports

• relies primarily on rivers, not dams (thanks to geography)

• government provides free solar panels to isolate communities

• population : 30.67 million people

• geography : 500 miles long, 120 miles wide

• gov style : federal democratic republic

• world’s last hindu monarchies up until 2008

• ancient critical point of the silk road

• birth place of the buddha

• had a unique civil war starting in 1996 and into the mid 2001

• 7th largest country by size

• might be world’s most populous country (3x north america)

• capital : New Delhi (easy location for invaders)

• government style : federal republic (democratic parliamentary system)

• inhabited by humans since 55,000 years ago

• highly diverse genetic populations (2nd only to africa)

• settled life split from Indus Valley Civilization about 9000 years ago

• blended into indo-aryan and indo-european populations around 6500 years ago

• by 1200 BCE sanskirt is embraced

• between 1500-500 BCE vedic society and religions developed (vedas text laid groundwork for hinduism)

• by 400 BCE hinduism, buddism, and janism formalized social orders in the form of the Hindu Caste System

• century islamic empires pushed in from the West starting in the 13th - 18th (early attempts in the 8th and 11th centuries stopped)

• mongols invade from the North around the 13th century

• mughal expansion 16th - 19th century

• world’s largest economy/manufacturing power during the mughal era

• proto-industralization in bengal → conquest by the East India Company de-industrialized the nation

economic alliance of emerging economies

• total population : 3.21 billion

• $26.6 trillion total GDP

• starting in 2012 : $100 billion global development fund

• want global polar economic systems ( the decisions and stuff are shared between countries not just the US)

• number of nuclear warheads : 156

• tensions with other nuclear powers (Pakistan - 165 nukes, China - 350 nukes)

• neoliberalism

• major economic reforms in the 1990s : mass privatization, foreign investments, reckless industrializing with fossil fuels

• outcome : bigger GDP - mass inequality and social deprivation

• 14th prime minister

• member of 2 major party’s in India

• hindu nationalist/fascits and conservative

• citizenship amendment act (2019) and the three controversial farm laws (2020)

• mass public protests and outrage

• saw indian communist parties nearly revolt (marxist-leninist and maoist parties)

• created during 1947 partition of British raj but fought over until 1948 (wars in 1965, 1971, and 1999)

• Simla agreement in 1972 formally established the line of control between India and Pakistan

• 77% Muslim majority - would have been Pakistan’s sphere of influence, Punjab Region specifically

• India controls 55% of the land, 70% the population, has invested millions into infrastructure and development in the region

• spheres of control : northwest (Pakistan), central and southeast (India), northeast (China)

claims, supposedly according to Quran texts

• lost tribes of Israel migrated east to India and settled here

• because the tribes migrated here :

  1. jesus visited during the missing years of his youth

  2. jesus survived the crucifixion and lived out the rest of his life here

Maldives

Hindu Kush

Mt Everest

India

Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea

Bhutan, Nepa, and Afghanistan

Northern India

Afghanistan and Pakistan

Hindu

Pakistan and Bangladesh

Brahmin

India

Nuclear Arms

Afghanistan

Hindu Fascist/Nationalist

Indus Valley

BRICS

untouchables

3

Madrassas

show evidence that bin laden was guilty

5 million