IB Medicinal Chemistry SL Option D

a chemical that affects how the body works

substance that improves health

oral, inhalation, skin patches, suppository, eye-ear drops, injection

the fraction of an administered drug that reaches the blood supply

physiological effects which are not intended

feelings of pain and discomfort in the upper abdomen

drugs that combat excess stomach acid by neutralizing the HCl and thus relieving the negative symptoms

Al(OH)3

Ca(OH)2

Mg(OH)2

Salt + water

Salt + water + carbon dioxide

Directly prevent the release of acid into the stomach by inhibiting the proton pump

Excess acid produced by alcohol, smoking, caffeine, stress and some anti-inflammatory drugs -can lead to indigestion, heartburn, ulcer

Produced in the stomach, secreted by partial cells found in the gastric glands in the lining of the stomach -helps kill bacteria -provide optimum environment for the action of its digestive enzymes

When H-2 receptors, which are located in the parietal cells of the stomach, interact with histamine and, as a result,acid is released into the stomach as a result

Produced by morphine during esterification reactions in which both of morphine's hydroxyl groups are converted into ethanoate groups by reaction with ethanoic acid (C3COOH) and ethanoic anahydride ((CH3CO)2O) -much less polar -more lipid soluble -therefore very addicting

A process for one of morphine's -OH hydroxyl groups is converted into methyl ether

Can be synthesized from morphine, found at low-level from morphine, found that low-level's and opium but is more commonly prepared for morphine. A semi synthetic drug -less polar than morphine -weaker analgesic than morphine

Principal drug derived from opium, has six times the bioavailability when injected then when taken orally -two -OH hydroxyl groups in morphine give it some polarity which limits its ability to cross the BBB

Fat -non polar

A protective membrane bound structure that surrounds our brain. Protects the brain by restricting the chemicals that can enter from the blood -nonpolar -hydrophobic

Side effects of narcotics use

pH of 1-2

Chemicals that are usually produced by microorganisms, which have actions against other microorganisms

An antibacterial agent that is produced by the Penicillium fungus

Consists of one nitrogen in three carbons and is part of the molecule responsible for penicillins antibacterial properties

The strain of the bonds of the B-L ring weakens their bonds, which subsequently breaks the ring

Enzyme of bacteria that BL ring of penicillin traps-able to do this because of its very active amide functional group

Beneficial effect of a medicine

Relatively low bioavailability of a drug taken orally; means that as little as 20-40% of an orally taken drug will reach the bloodstream

suppresses the HIV infection enough so that they allow patients to live longer lives with more chance of a higher quality of life

an enzyme encoded from the genetic materials of retroviruses that catalyzes transcription of retrovirus RNA into DNA

genetic material in the form of RNA rather than DNA

infects the white blood cells of the human body

antivirus to help prevent the spread of the flu virus -zanamivir is taken through inhalation

Functional Groups of Oseltamivir

Functional Groups of Zanamivir

Drug action of Oseltamivir

Drug action of Zanamivir

Administration of Oseltamivir

Administration of Zanamivir

Counter-effects of Oseltamivir

Counter-effects of Zanamivir

the flu, very common to catch, caused by two main types of viruses, known as influenza A and B -has 1. Hemagglutin (H) and 2. Neuraminidase (N) [best protein to target]

an agent that kills a virus or that suppresses its ability to replicate and, hence, inhibits its capability to mulitply and reproduce -example: amantadine [which has a cage like structure]

works by stimulating the body to prepare specific antibodies which give immunity -mutations threaten vaccines

preventative healthcare -example: vaccines

what we study viruses with since they are small

take over functioning cell (host cell) and uses that cell to carry out its own reproduction

Viruses that hides outs in our cells -example: herpes and chickenpox

natural analgesics that are derived from opium, which is found in poppy seeds

kill pain by preventing the transmission of pain impulses in the brain, rather than at the source

breaks apart the beta-lactam ring of penicillin and renders it useless since it does does not allow its active amide group to bond to the transpeptidase bacterial enzyme

Penicillin is effective against __ infections

enzyme of bacteria that BL ring of penicillin

the strain of the bonds of the BL ring weaken their bonds which subsequently breaks the ring

consists of one nitrogen and three carbons and is part of the molecule responsible for penicillin's antibacterial properties

how the structure of penicillin was found

an antibacterial agent that is produced by the penicillium fungus

chemicals that are usually produced by microorganisms, which have actions against other microorganisms

physiological that occurs when aspirin is taken with ethanol in alcoholic drinks -produces increased bleeding of the stomach lining and increased risk of ulcers

something that prevents diseases

reduces the ability of blood to clot

fever reducer

salicylic acid undergoes a ____ in the esterification reaction that turns it into aspirin

class of organic compounds that are derived from the molecule Benzene (C6H6)

a technique used to purify chemicals. By dissolving both impurities and a compound in an appropriate solvent, either the desired compound or impurites can be removed from the solution

AKA aspirin. product of combination with salicylic acid with ethanoic anhydride

when a chemical reaction forms ester as a reaction product

what salicin turns into in our bodies

chemical with in the willow tree that gave relief to pain and fever

act by preventing stimulation of the nerve endings at the site of pain, and inhibit the release of prostaglandins from the site of injury -includes aspirin and other NSAIDS

chemicals which are released from cells damaged by thermal, chemical or mechanical energy -they stimulate pain receptors -try to mediate inflammatory response -may have effect on temperature regulation

pain is detected by the brain when messages are sent from here

Painkillers, the largest class of drugs and medication that exists -do not interfere with functions of the brain [non-narcotics]

a site in the body that responds to a particular chemical -the activity of most drugs is determined by their ability to bind to a specific receptors in the body

ratio of the dose that produces toxicity to the dose that produces a clinically effective response in a population

a range of doses that produces therapeutic reponse without causing any significant adverse effect in patients

aspirin, which is taken for pain relief, has the ___ side effect of protecting against heart disease

aspirin, which is taken for pain relief, has the ___ side effect of extreme drowsiness, damage to organs, deformities

some antibiotics can cause stomach cramps, nausea, constipation, etc. not harmful, just annoying