Option B: Engineering Physics

Torque measures the rotational effect of a force acting on an object. Calculation:τ=r×F, where r is the moment arm and F is the force.

Moment of inertia (I) resists rotational acceleration. Calculation:I=∑miri^2. It depends on mass distribution relative to the axis of rotation.

Rotational equilibrium occurs when the net torque acting on an object is zero, keeping it stationary or rotating at a constant angular velocity.

Angular acceleration (α) describes how quickly the rotational speed of an object changes over time. Calculation:α= Δω/Δt.

Equations describe the relationship between angular displacement, velocities, acceleration, and time for rotating objects.

Net torque is proportional to the rate of change of angular momentum. τ=Iα.

Total angular momentum remains constant when no external torques act. L_initial = L_final.

Energy associated with the rotational motion of an object. Calculation:KErot = (½)Iω^2.

Energy is conserved, and it can only change forms in an isolated system. Q=ΔU+W.

Total entropy tends to increase over time in an isolated system, leading to higher disorder.