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Neutralization Reaction
Are Chemical processes in which an acid (protom donor) reacts with a base (proton acceptor).
Water and Salt
These are the products of neutralization reaction in aqueous solution?
Neutralization reaction
The reaction between acid and a base is called?
Neutralization titration
Acid-base titration is also called as?
Acidimetry
A specialized analytical technique used to determine the strength of an acid
Alkalimetry
A special analytical technique we can use to determine the strength of a base or an alkaline compound
Acidimetry
It is the reaction between a standard acid having known concentration and a base having an unknown concentration in the presence of a suitable indicator
Alkalimetry
It is the reaction between a standard base or a alkaline compound having a known concentration and an acid having an unknown concentration in the presence of a suitable indicator
Acidimetry
The tendency of an acid to dissociate forming protons and an anion
Alkalimetry
The tendency of a base to accept protons from another chemical species
Acidimetry
The determination of base by using a standard acid
Alkalimetry
The determination of an acid using a standard base
Amphoteric
Since water can behave as a weak base or a weak acid, what is the term used for it?
Non-Aqueous titration
This procedure is very useful because it satisfies two different requirements namely - suitable titration of very weak and bases along with providing a with an ability to dissolve organic compounds.
Bronsted-lowry theory and it's definition of acids and bases.
Many reactions which occur in non-Aqueous titration procedures can be explained via what theory?
A base (to which a proton can be donate) is present
Potentially acidic substances can behave as acids only when?
An Acid (from which a proton can be accepted) is present
Potentially basic substance can behave as bases only when?
• It is impossible to tirate for a mix of acids or bases
• It is impossible to titrate for a mix of strong and weak acids (bases)
• It is impossible to titrate separately for a mix of acids (bases) with near constants of dissociation.
• It is impossible to define substance which are insoluble in water
Titration in water solution is limited by factors:
Aprotic solvents
These solvents are:
• neutral in charge
• are chemically inert.
• generally have a low dielectric constant
Protogenic solvents
These solvents are:
• more acidic in characters
• tend to have a leveling effect on the bases they come in contact with
Protophilic solvents
These solvents:
• Have a basic character
• tend to react with the acids they come in contact with, leading to the formation of solvated protons
Amphiprotic solvents
These solvents have the properties which are protophilic and protogenic.
Crystal Violet
•considered the most common indicator in the titration of the bases.
• used as 0.5%w/v solution in glacial acetic acid
• color change from violet to blue to greenish yellow
Quinaldine red
• employed as indicator in the determination of the drug substance in dimethylformide (DMF)
• It is used as 0.1%w/v solution in ethanol
Thymol Blue
• used as 0.2%w/v solution in methanol.
• the color change is from yellow to blue.
• used as an indicator for the titration of substances acting as acids in DMF.
Suitable pH indicator
Must be chosen to detect the endpoint of the titration. The color changes or other effect should occur close to the equivalence point of the reaction.
Neutral (pH=7)
A strong acid will react with a strong base to form a?
Acidic (pH<7) solution
A strong acid will react with a weak base to form a?
Basic (pH>7) solution
A weak acid will react with a strong base to form a?
(1) To determine the endpoint in neutralization process
(2) To determine hydrogen-ion concentration or pH
(3) To indicate that a desired change in pH has been affected
Indicators are complex organic compounds used:
Litmus - Blue
Phenolphthalein - Pink
Methyl orange - yellow
Screened methyl orange - orange
Bromothymol blue - Blue
Wood ash, soap solution, ammonia solution, sodium hydroxide
Litmus - red
Phenolphthalein -colorless
Methyl orange - red
Screened methyl orange - purple
Bromothymol blue - orange
Hydrochloric acid, Sulphuric(VI)acid and lemon juice
Litmus - colorless
Phenolphthalein - colorless
Methyl orange - red
Screened methyl orange - orange
Bromothymol blue - orange
Distilled water and sodium chloride
Litmus - blue
Phenolphthalein - Pink
Methyl orange - yellow
Screened methyl orange - orange
Bromothymol blue - Blue
Sour milk, toothpaste and calcium hydroxide
Acid - Yellow
Base - blue
Bromocresol green, bromophenol blue and bromothymol blue
Acid - yellow
Base - purple
Bromocresol purple
Acid - yellow
Base - Red
Cresol red
Acid - yellow
Base - Violet
Cresol red-Thymol blue TS
Acid - Yellow
Base - Green
Malachite green
Acid - Red
Base - Yellow
Methyl red and Methyl Yellow
Acid - Red-Violet
Base - Green
Methyl red-Methylene Blue TS
Acid - colorless
Base - Red
Phenolphthalein and Quinaldine red
Acid - Yellow
Base - Red
Phenol Red
Acid - Yellow
Base - Blue
Thymol blue
Acid - Colorless
Base - Blue
Thymolphthalein
Dichlorofloresein TS
Eosin Y
Ferric ammonium Sulfate TS
Potassium Chromate TS
Sodium Alizarin TS
Tetrabromophenolphthalein TS
Tetrabromophenolphthalein, Ethyl Ester TS
Indicator employed in precipitation
Azo-Violet
Crystal violet TS
Malachite green
Methyl red
Methyl violet
p-Naphtholbenzein
Phenol red
Quinaldine Red
Thymol blue
Indicators for Non-Aqueous titration
Diphenylamine
Dithizone(Diphenylthiocarbazone)
Eriochrome black
Methyl red
Hydroxynaphthol blue
Murexide
Naphthol green
1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-napthol
Indicators for complexometric Titration
Note
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