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What do prokaryotes have instead of a nucleus
nucleoid region
where does transcription take place in prokaryotes
cytoplasm
where does transcription take place in eukaryotes
nucleus
where does translation take place in prokaryotes
cytoplasm
where does translation take place in eukaryotes
cytoplasm
prokaryotic cell membrane additions
hopanoids
eukaryotic cell membrane additions
sterols (cholesterol)
are prokaryotes or eukaryotes larger
eukaryotes
do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have a higher ratio of surface area to volume
prokaryotes
are prokaryotes internally organized
no, there are no organelles (some contain plasmids)
are eukaryotes internally organized
yes, they contain organelles
typical features of an animal cell
nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, plasma membrane, cytoskeleton
additional features of a plant cell
cell wall, vacuoles, chloroplasts
do not have lysosomes
system of interconnected organelles
endomembrane system
how do organelles communicate with other organelles
through the endomembrane system
physically connected by membrane bridges
use vesicles to transport substances between them
makes compartments within cell
endomembrane system
where specific functions take place within the spaces defined by the membranes
compartments
exocytosis
vesicles bud off from the endomembrane system and fuse with the plasma membrane to deliver contents
endocytosis
materials from outside cell are brought into cell using vesicles
defines the boundary of the nucleus
nuclear envelope
what does the nuclear envelope consist of
two membranes: inner and outer
nuclear pore proteins
holes in nuclear membrane created by proteins
allows molecules to move into and out of nucleus
essential for nucleus to communicate with rest of cell
network of interconnected tubules & flattened sacs that are continuous with the outer membrane of nuclear envelope
endoplasmic reticulum
inner space of ER
lumen
rough ER
contains ribosomes & site of protein synthesis
free ribosomes
produced in cytosol
bound ribosomes
produced in rough ER
smooth ER
makes lipids (fatty acids and phospholipids); no ribosomes
receives vesicles from ER
golgi apparatus
what are the functions of the golgi apparatus
modify proteins and lipids produced in ER
sort proteins and lipids as they move to final destination
synthesize cell’s carbs
cisternae
series of flattened membrane sac surrounded by small vesicles found in the golgi
vesicles
transport proteins from ER to the Golgi
enzymes within the Golgi ____ proteins and lipids as they pass through
chemically modify
golgi-derived vesicles that degrade macromolecules
lyosomes
macromolecules needing to be degraded are packaged by the ____ into ____ that fuse with ____
golgi apparatus, vesicles, lysosomes
enzymes inside lysosomes are
made in RER
sorted in golgi
packaged into lysosomes
what contains protein pumps and what are their purpose
lysosomes; keep internal pH around 5 to prevent protein and organelle degradation
t/f lysosome content does not need to be kept separate from the rest of cell
false
what are not parts of the endomembrane system
mitochondria and chloroplasts
what are the properties of mitochondria & chloroplasts
harness energy for cell
contain their own genomes
can grow & multiply independently
mitochondria
harness energy and convert it into ATP
structure of mitochondria
rod-shaped with an outer membrane and complex inner membrane
chloroplasts
capture sun’s energy to synthesize simple sugars via photosynthesis
structure of chloroplasts
surrounded by double membrane with additional internal membrane called thylakoid (membrane containing light collecting molecules such as chlorophyll)
how are free proteins directed to their proper cellular compartments
via signal sequences
no signal peptides
protein go to cytosol
animo-terminal signal
protein goes to chloroplasts or mitochondria
internal signal
protein goes to nucleus
where do proteins produced by ribosomes in the RER end up
lumen of ER
embedded in ER membrane
secreted out of cell
where does the protein go if it is destined to be embedded into the membrane
inserted into membrane as it is synthesized
Note
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