Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
autotroph
An organism that makes its own food
- capable of photosynthesis
- plants, algae, bacteria
heterotroph
An organism that gets its food by eating other living things
- animals, humans, mushrooms
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
one of the most important chemical compounds that cells use to store and release energy
made of: adenine, 5-carbon sugar, and 3 phosphate groups
fuel supplying energy for ALL cells
3 types of energy
- chemical energy- stored in chemical compounds
- heat energy
- electrical energy
chemical energy comes fromā¦.
GLUCOSE
energy storage, glucose or ATP?
ATP- glucose burns too hot and quick
ATP comes fromā¦
- carbohydrates(sugars)
- fats(fatty acids)
- proteins(amino acids)
stomataās
holes on underside of leaf; carbon dioxide enters through this, oxygen is released
sunlight
white light mixture of different wavelengths of light; energy from the sun travels to earth in from of light
biochemical conversion
The changing of organic matter into other chemical forms such as fuels.
Bioenergetics
the study of how energy flows through living organisms
energy transformation
the process of changing one form of energy to another
photosynthesis
process by which autotrophs use the energy in sunlight to produce high energy carbohydrates(sugars and starches) that can be used as food
2 major reactions that take place in photosynthesis
light dependent reactions
light independet reactions
photosynthesis takes place in theā¦
chloroplasts
equation for photosynthesis
6H2O + 6CO2 ā> C6H12O6 + 6O2
photosynthesis in laymans terms
6 water molecules + 6 carbon dioxide molecules are converted by light into 1 molecule of glucose and 6 oxygen molecules
equation for aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ā> 6H2O + 6CO2+ATP
respiration in laymans terms
1 molecule of glucose + 6 oxygen molecules are broke down into 6 carbon dioxide molecules and 6 water molecules releasing useable energy (ATP)
- requires OXYGEN and sugar
- occurs in all organisms with mitochondria
pigment
A colored chemical compound that absorbs light energy, producing color.
chlorophyll
green pigment found in plants/algae. absorbs light strongly in blue and red, poorly in green
Light = ENERGY
chlorophyll in chloroplasts get energy from sunlight, which make high energy electrons making photosynthesis work
chlorophyll A
SHORTER wavelength- absorbs blue
chlorophyll B
LONGER wavelength- absorbs red
why are plants green?
since leaves absorb red and blue, reflecting green
thylakoid
A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.
stroma
The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
grana
composed of thylakoids
calvin cycle
light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
a series of proteins in the mitochondrial membrane that pass along high energy electrons from the krebs cycle
- electrons convert ADP to ATP
- ATP synthase creates total 28-32 ATP
light-dependent reactions
(aka): ETC- set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH, and oxygen comes out
steps of light-dependent reacttions
1. light is absorbed by pigments in PS2, and electrons become high-energy electrons
2. electrons are then passed on to the ETC
3. electrons move through ETC from PS2ā>PS1
PS1 uses energy from sun to reenergize electrons
light independent reactions
(aka): Calvin cycle- set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar
process of light-independent reactions
during cycle, plants use energy that ATP and NADPH contain to build high energy 6 carbon sugars (glucose). occurs in stroma.
ATP provides energy +hydrogens
6 carbons enter cycle as 6CO2 and leave as glucose
ATP synthase
Large protein acting as an enzyme that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP
ADP
adenosine diphosphate, as 2 phosphate groups
- produced from the breaking of phosphate groups in ATP(energy released)
calorie
A unit of heat used to measure the energy your body uses and the energy it receives from food
aerobic respiration
Process that happens when oxygen is present, in the mitochondria
- requires glucose and produces 34-38 ATP
cellular respiration
a series of chemical reactions where chemical energy in food is released to synthesize ATP(energy)
3 major steps involved in respiration
glycolysis
krebs cycle
electron transport chain/chemiosmosis
glycolysis
A metabolic process of 1 glucose molecule being broken in half making 2 pyruvic acid molecules
- occurs in the CYTOPLASM, gain 2 ATP
krebs cycle
second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is converted to citric acid and broken down and carbon dioxide is released
- occurs in MITOCHONDRIA, produces 2 ATP
Anaerobic respiration
Process that occurs in the absence of oxygen, in the cytoplasm
- requires glucose, produces 2 ATP per Glucose
lactic acid fermentation
occurs in humans(stiff muscles), and bacteria(cheese+yogurt). it produces lactic acid and 2 ATP.
- during short bursts of activity, muscle cells use fermentation to supplement ATP production from slower aerobic respiration, so fermentation may be used by cell even before oxygen levels are depleted.
lactic acid fermentation equation
glucoseā> lactic acid+pyruvic acid+2 ATP
alcoholic fermentation
occurs in yeast(fungi), makes bread+alcoholic beverages
alcoholic fermentation equation
glucoseā> ethanol+carbn dioxide+ 2 ATP
fermentation
A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces ethanol or lactic acid.
- less efficient at using energy from glucose because only 2 ATP produced per glucose
how does water enter the plant
through the stem from the roots
final electron acceptor at end of ETC that takes on 2 hydrogen ions
oxygen
source of electrons at start of light dependent reactions
water
what is pumped by ETC proteins during ETC in both photosynthesis and aerobic respiration
H+