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limbic system
paired system of connecting structures encircling the thalamus and corpus callosum
important in behavior and emotion (particularly those for survival)
limbic system includes
cingulate gyrus
hippocampus
amygdala
the limbic system is closely associated
with the olfactory tracts
the connection of the limbic system to the hypothalamus makes
emotion-induced illnesses possible (psychosomatic illness)
the limbic system is also tightly connected
to the prefrontal cortex
basal nuclei
masses of gray matter buried in white matter
involved in motor control
many of the “higher” order functions of the brain
occur “on” the cerebral cortex
cerebral cortex functions
sleep, memory, cognition, emotion, sensation, complex motor control, language, mathematics, abstract thought
what of the cerebrum is associated with intelligence
size and complexity
the primary cortex
receives stimuli
association areas
interpret the stimuli and relate stimuli to past experiences
primary motor cortex
voluntary control of skeletal muscles
motor association area
basic movements → complete tasks
primary olfactory cortex/olfactory association area
sense of smell
prefrontal cortex
cognition, personality
broca’s area
speech, decision making, personality expression, moderating social behavior, planning voluntary motor activity
executive function of prefrontal cortex
create and hold information not currently in the environment (e.g. planning for the future)
attention/memory function of prefrontal cortex
important site for short term memory
speech production and language of prefrontal cortex
critical for interpreting language and planning linguistic responses
primary somatosensory cortex
sensory map of body
touch/pressure and pain/temperature
somatosensory association area
put sensory info into context
draws upon stored memory of sensory experience
motor homunculus
broad areas of primary motor cortex devoted to controlling movements of different body regions
somatosensory homunculus
broad areas of primary somatosensory cortex devoted to particular body regions
primary visual cortex
vision from retina
visual association area
put visual info into context (uses memory too)
primary auditory cortex
hearing (pitch, tone, etc)
auditory association area
recognizing and identifying sounds
primary gustatory cortex
taste from tongue receptors
gustatory association area
taste
visceral association area
visceral sensations
language is typically housed
in the left hemisphere of the brain
two major areas for language
wernicke’s area- associated with language comprehension
broca’s area- associated with language production
the emotional aspect of language is found
in the right hemisphere in a mirror location to wernicke and broca areas
opposite to broca’s area is the
affective language area
damage here causes aprosody (flat, emotionless speech)
opposite to wernicke’s area
concerned with recognizing the emotion in other’s speech
aphasia
a language deficit from lesions to wernickle and broca areas
nonfluent (broca) aphasia
lesion in broca area
slow speech, difficulty in choosing words, using words that only approximate the correct word
fluent (wernicke) aphasia
lesion in wernicke area
speech normal and excessive, but uses senseless jargon
cannot comprehend written and spoken words
Note
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