IB Chemistry SL/HL Option D

Oral, inhalation, skin patches, suppositories, drops or parenteral

Drug is administered under skin by a needle

Drug is administered into a vein

Drug is administered into a selected muscle

Salicylic acid + Ethanoic anhydride → Acetysalicylic acid + Ethanoic acid

Recall that salicylic acid contains an -OH attached to its benzene ring, while aspirin has 2 COOCH3 groups attached to its benzene ring

Analgesic

Anti-inflammatory

Anti-platelet

Antypyretic

Anticoagulant

Add aqueous NaOH (Na+ and OH-) Resulting in sodium acetysalicylate acid

Prevent the production of prostaglandins, which regulate the sensitivity of pain receptors. In other words, regulate pain.

Produces a synergetic effect, can cause internal bleeding of stomach

Spectroscopy (particularly IR), or testing its pelting point

A beta-lactam ring and different R groups to increase bioavailability and polarity

Prevents the cross-link of peptidoglycans in bacteria cell walls by inhibiting the enzyme transpeptidase. This destroys the cell wall, making water invade the cell, which leads to it bursting.

Bacteria develop the ability to express penicillinase thanks to gene mutations, making it able to break the beta-lactan ring

Codeine < Morphine < Diamorphine (Heroine)

Prevent the transmission of prostaglandins in the brain by attaching to its receptors, particularly endorphins.

Receptor shape changes and becomes adapted to receive only opiates. Can be treated using methadone

The excess of gastric (HCl) acid in the stomach

Neutralise excess gastric acid with the use of metal carbonates/hydroxides, forming salt, water and possibly CO2 (in case of carbonate)

An H2 antagonistic drug, it attaches to histamine, preventing the release of hydrochloric acid

A proton pump inhibitor, it prevents the release of H+ ions into the stomach

1) Prevents virus from attaching to cell by binding with the cell receptor itself

2) Interfere with virus replication by introducing genetic building blocks which are inactive

3) Prevent the release of virus molecules from the cell

Zanamivir and Oseltamivir are both neurominidase inhibitors

Using anti-retroviral medicine to prevent RNA replication

Anti-mitotic drug, produces more spindle fibres during metaphase, which prevents cell from splitting and leads to their death.

Alpha particle (2 neutrons, 2 protons) < Beta particle (0 neutrons, -1 protons) < Gamma rays

Applies a strong magnetic field to the body, influencing protons, neutrons and atoms in an odd number of nucleons to form an image

Externally (i.e like a beam)

Internally (i.e via a needle)

Alpha emitting particles (like bismuth-212) are attached to a chelator which is attached to an antibody. This complex ions then locate cancer cells throughout the body, and attach to them.

Boron-10 is injected within a small molecule that is easily absorbed by cancer cells. A beam of neutrons is then applied, making boron-10 release beta and gamma rays.

1. Atom economy (use all reactants completely)

2. Prevention of reactant and product waste

3. Chemical design and synthesis (plan alternative methods to use less energy)

4. Design for degradation, ensuring compounds will degrade safely

1) High level waste: More radioactive, longer half life. Must be stored in large pools due to the heat it gives

2) Low level waste: Less radioactive, shorter half life. Stored in steel cylinders

By either filtration or distillation

Biodegradation, or decomposition by bacteria