BIO-112 Test 2

The Mustard Family

4 petals and 6 stamens - 4 tall 2 short

The Mint Family

square stalks, opposite leaves

The Parsley Family

compound umbels, usually hollow flower stalks

The Pea Family

banner wings, pea-like pods, often with pinnate leaves

The Lilly Family

flowers with parts in threes, sepals and petals usually identical

The Mallow Family

5 separate petals and a column of stamens

The Aster/Sunflower Family

composite flowers in disk-like heads

Dicot

2 cotyledon

Diocot

4-5 flower petals

Dicot

net like veins

Dicot

3 pores in pollen

Dicot

bundled vasculature

Monocots

1 cotyledon

Monocots

3 flower petals

Monocots

parallel veins

Monocots

1 pore in pollen

Monocots

dispersed vasculature

Sequestration

can suck in a ton of carbon

Deforestation

dead and decaying plants

Apex

very tip of leaf

Midrib

main vein of leaf

Margin

edge of leaf

Lamina

entire leaf

Petiole

attachment to stem

Simple Leaf

one leaf attached to stem of plant

Compound Leaf

several leaflets attached to single petiole

3 Basic Arrangements for Leaves

Alternate, opposite, and whorled

Leaf Venation

patterns of venison leaf

3 Main Types of leaf venation: Parallel

veins run parallel

3 Main Types of leaf venation: Pinnate

veins branch out from midrib

3 Main Types of leaf venation: Palmate

veins branch out from midrib & branched veins have branches as well

Leaf Margin

Outer edge of leaf

Entire margin

If outer edge is smooth with no indentions or teeth

Serrate margin

If the leaf has tiny sharp teeth

Dentate margin

If margin has pronounced teeth that point outward

Undulate margin

If leaf’s margin does not have teeth but tends to be wavy

Crenate margin

if the teeth are rounded

Plant form: above ground

shoots: leaves, flowers, stems

Plant form: below ground

roots: support plant, form relationships with fungus, some store food (carrots, sweet potatoes, beets)

Plant tissues: dermal

outer surface of the plant; covers and protects plants surfaces

Plant tissues: vascular

tubing; xylem, phloem; accessory (moving water and food)

Plant form: ground

making up the bulk of the plant (where all the important stuff happens); makes up both roots and shoots

Simple tissues: parenchyma

living, pliable cells that allow for photosynthesis (vacuole) lots of action. Storage, secretion, plant immune system. Soft

Simple tissues: collenchyma

living/support (cellulose, lignen and pectin). Hard and ridged

Simple tissues: sclerenchyma

dead/mechanical support. Second wall in woody plants (bark). Primary (cellulose), secondary (lignen).

Peduncle

This is the stalk of the flower.

Receptacle

It is that part of the flower to which the stalk is attached to. It is small and found at the centre of the base of the flower

Sepals

These are the small, leaf-like parts growing at the base of the petals. They form the outermost whorl of the flower. Collectively, sepals are known as the calyx. The main function of the calyx and its sepals is to protect the flower before it blossoms(in the bud stage).

Petals

This layer lies just above the sepal layer. They are often bright in color as their main function is to attract pollinators such as insects, butterflies etc. to the flower. The petals are collectively known as the corolla.

stamens

These are the male parts of a flower. Many stamens are collectively known as the androecium. They are structurally divided into two parts:

Filament

the part that is long and slender and attached the anther to the flower.

Anthers

It is the head of the stamen and is responsible for producing the pollen (the male gamete) which is transferred to the pistil or female parts of the same or another flower to bring about fertilization. The anther is the male reproductive organ.

pistil

This forms the female parts of a flower. A collection of pistils is called the gynoecium.

Style

is a long slender stalk that holds the stigma. Once the pollen reaches the stigma, the style starts to become hollow and forms a tube called the pollen tube which takes the pollen to the ovaries to enable fertilization.

Stigma

This is found at the tip of the style. It forms the head of the pistil. The stigma contains a sticky substance whose job is to catch pollen grains from different pollinators or those dispersed through the wind. They are responsible to begin the process of fertilization.

Ovary

They form the base of the pistil. The ovary holds the ovules. This is the female reproductive organ.

Ovules

These are the egg cells (female gametes) of a flower. They are contained in the ovary. In the event of a favorable pollination where a compatible pollen reaches the stigma and eventually reaches the ovary to fuse with the ovules, this fertilized product forms the fruit and the ovules become the seeds of the fruit.