IB EXAM: Combined Review

IGO: group of member states
GO: part of/funded by national government
NGO: not part of government/for profit
-international or local

Flagship: species chosen as an icon for an environmental cause
Keystone: plays crucial role in maintaining structure of ecosystem
Umbrella: used to gain support to conserve that species & other species in same habitat

where two ecosystems meet & there's a change in the boundary

quantitive estimate of the amount of water in storages and flows of the water cycle

system of water flows & storages that may be disrupted by human activity

Ocean currents: movement of water vertically or horizontally
Surface: moved by wind
Deep water: cause ocean conveyer belt - due to differences in water density
-heats up - cools down slower than land; moderate climate

dissolved minerals stay at top layer of soil following evaporation after irrigation - soils is too salty

conflict between human populations where sources are shared

unused clean water from domestic consumption
-recycled by returning to sewage system, being cleaned & returned to pipe water system

agricultural run-off, sewage, industrial discharge, domestic water
-eutrophication
warm water: changes water properties, kills fish, changes biodiversity

Continental shelf: extension of continents, under the sea & oceans
Productivity: highest near upwellings of nutrients

Fishery: fish are harvested in same way; catching & aquaculture
Aquaculture: farming of squatic organisms in coastal & inland areas involving interventions in the rearing process to enhance production

MSY: highest amount that can be take without permanently depleting the stock
OSY: maximizes the difference between total revenue & total cost

Causes: technology, larger fleets, higher demand
Solutions: eat less fish, buy from stocked fisheries, avoid eating endangered species

Causes: agriculture, industry, human ventures
Quantification: BOD, indicator species, biome index

Eutrophication: excess nutrients are added to an aquatic system (excess growth of plants & phytoplankton)
Red tides: red algas blooms that kill fish with toxins

ongoing decrease of pH of oceans caused by the uptake of CO2 from the atmosphere

sand, silt, clay

materials are sorted & layers are formed by water carrying particles either up or down

water flows down in the soil, dissolving minerals & transporting them downwards

O - leaf litters
A - organic matter
E - leached minerals
B - subsoils
C - weathered rocks
R - bedrock

layer of dark brown or black organic material because of decomposition is incomplete

Permeability: ease at which gases or liquids can pass through the soil
Porosity: amount of space between particles

soil pH decrease and ions of aluminium & iron become more available to plants

ability level of soil to grow & support plant life

industrial chemical run-off, improper waste disposal, agricultural chemicals; soil degradation

Subsistence: food for own local community
Commercial: large, profit-making scale
Pastoral: raising animals
Arable: growing crops on good soils
Cash cropping: growing crops for market
Mixed: both crops & animals
Extensive: more land with lower density of planting & lower inputs/outputs
Intensive: use land intensively with high inputs/outputs

Mal: bad nutrition because of unbalanced diet
Under: not enough energy/calories from food
Unbalanced: food contains enough energy, but not enough nutrients

countries put tarrifs & subsiddies on some foods to influence production

Animal: animals domesticated to fulfill a variety of needs
Livestock: convert plant material unsitable for human disestion into valued protein

Poly: multiple plant species grown
Mono: all of one plants species grown

removal of biomass from field, soil, and ecosystem

Efficiency: energy contained within crop of harvested product per unit area or food per unit volume
Grain equivalent: quantity of wheat grain that would've been used for 1 kg of that product

-Fats & proteins: more energy than carbohydrates
-Less meats/fish than cereals for same energy
-Highest energy content food & cheaper transport

Desertification: process of fertile land becoming desert
Erosion: removal of soil structure
Overcropping: depletes soil nutrients & makes soil friable
Deforestation: removal of forest
Overgrazing: occurs when too many animals graze in the same area

Cover crops: fast-growing crops to cover the soil
Terracing: reduce steepness of slope with horizontal terraces
Plowing: breaks up soil structure & increases drainage
Contour farming: plowing & cultivating along contour line, perpendicular to the slope
Crop rotation: legumes add nitrogen to the soil; shifting cultivation allows for soil to recover

LEDC: no food, limits on production, availability, seasonal, cash-cropping
MEDC: cheap, surplus, preferences, technology & transportation

Renewable: resources can be replaced quickly
Non-renewable: resource cannot be replaced
Replenishable: replaceable with time

pure ecology & nature is central to humanity and emphasizes a less materialist approach to life with greater self-sufficiency of societies

believes that technological development can provide solutions to environmental problems

believes humans must sustainably manage the global system

believe governments need to legislate to protect environment and resources from overexploitation and make sustainable economics - humans have ethical duty to protect & nurture Earth

through technology & inventiveness, humans can solve any environmental problem & improve living standards - little government intervention

all life has inherent value - no harm to individual species

put more value on nature than humanity - believe in biorights; no human intervention in nature

set of components that function together & form integrated units

exchanges matter & energy with its surroundings

exchanges energy with its surroundings

exchanges no energy or matter with its surroundings

a change in location

a change in chemical nature, state, or energy

gas, liquid, solid

makes up matter

energy is neither created nor destroyed

the entropy of an isolated system not in equilibrium will increase over time

the measure of the disorder of a system - refers to spreading out or dispersal of energy

equivalent to total heat content of a system

the tendency to return to its original state
-the system is constant with continuous inputs & outputs
-no change over time
-unstable: returns to new equilibrium; stable: returns to same

useful energy, work or output produced by a process divided by the amount of energy consumed, bring the input to the process

damp down, neutralize, or counteract any deviation from an equilibrium; stablizies systems in steady-state

further increases or decreases in output that enhances the change in the system

how a system responds to a disturbance
-more resilient: more distrubance dealt with

reached when ecosystem experiences a shift to a new state in which there are significant changes to its biodiversity & services it provides

surpassing the sustainable level of resources exploitation

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

goods & services the environment provides humans with in order to provide natural income

natural resources that can be sold for profit

Abiotic: non-living physical factors influencing organisms & the ecosystem
Biotic: living organisms

a group of organisms sharing common characteristics that interbreed & produced fertile offspring

a group of organisms of same specifies living in the same area at the same time

a group of populations living & influencing with each other in a common habitat

environment in which a species normally lives

community & the physical environment it interacts with

collection of ecosystems sharing similar climatic conditions

collection of biomes; Earth

Fundamental: full range of conditions & resources in which a species could survive & reproduce
Realized: actual conditions & resources in which a species exists due to biome interactions

factors which slow down growth of popuation

• weather, climate natural disasters

• disease, competition, predation, waste accumulation

maximum number of a species that can be sustanbly supported by a given area

Intra: between members of same species
Inter: between members of different species

study of factors that cause changes in population sizes

one species totally out competes another species

predator (hunter) feeds on prey (attacked)

individuals act in own self-interest to harvest a resource but destroy long-term future of that resource to there is none for anyone

report prepared before a development project to change the use of land

a model used to estimate the demands that the human population places in the environment

the addition of a substance or agent to an environment at a rate greater than that at which it can be rendured harmless by the environment

Primary: active in emission
Secondary: formed by primary pollutants undergoing physical or chemical changes

Point: release of polltants from single, clearly indentifiable site
Non-point: release of pollutants from numerous, widely dispersed origins

resistant to breaking down & remain active in the environment for a long time

do not persist in the environment & break down quickly

-change human activites
-regulate/prevent release of pollutant
-work to clean up/restore damaged ecosystems

animal eating a plant

a relationship between two species in which one species lives in or on another, gaining its food from it

relation between two or more species in which all benefit & none suffer

Accumulation: build-up of persistent/non-biodegradable pollutants within an organism or trophic level
Magnification: increase in concentration of presistent/non-biodegradable pollutants along a food chain

relationship between two species where one benefits from the other without attacking it

S: exponential growth, but growth rate slows to population with constant size
J: exponential growth, then collapse

Birth: number of live deaths per 1000 of a population each year
Death: number of deaths per 1000 of a population each yeah

area between exponential growth curve & the S-curve

Exponential: no limiting factors slowing growth
Logistic: limited resources slow down growth