Animal Reproduction PT2

what do biologists use to study organisms

formation of a diploid zygote from a haploid egg and sperm

sperm penetrate the __ __ around the egg

What on the egg surface bind to molecules on the sperm surface

changes at the egg surfaces prevent __, which is the entry of multiple sperm nuclei into the egg

what reaction is triggered when the sperm meets the egg

the __ at the tip of the sperm releases hydrolytic enzymes that digest material surrounding the egg

the gamete contact and/or fusion __ the eggs cell membrane and sets up a fast block to prevent polyspermy

what other reaction does the fusion of egg and sperm trigger

seconds after the sperm binds to the egg, vesicles just beneath the egg plasma membrane release their contents and form a __ __

what ions do we need a high concentration of in the egg for the critical reaction

as the higher density of calcium ions after fertilization correlates to what

what does the rise of Ca2+ ions in the cytosol increase the rate of by the cell; the egg is said to be activated because of this

the __ __ merges with the __ __ and cell division begins

after travelling the a layer of follicle cells, where does the sperm end up

when sperm binds to a receptor in the zona pellucida, it triggers a __ __ which leads to changes in the zona pellucida

does the sperm binding and triggering the cortical reaction lead to a fast block or slow block to polyspermy

when does the first cell division after sperm binding occur

after how many divisions of the zygote does the diploid nucleus form

this is a period of rapid cell division without growth after fertilization

name of the smaller cells that were partitioned from the cytoplasm of one large cell during cleavage

what is the fluid-filled cavity of a blastula called

in many land animals the cleave is __ due to the distribution of the yolk (stored nutrients)

the __ __ has more yolk while the __ __ has less yolk

cleavage where a complete division of the egg occurs in species whose eggs have little or moderate amounts of yolk; seen in echinoderms, mammals and annelids

cleave where there is an incomplete division of the egg that occurs in species with yolk-rich eggs

the process by which cells occupy their appropriate locations, which involved gastrulation and organogenesis

the movement of cells from the blastula surface to the interior of the embryo

the formation of organs

what is the three-layered embryo called that rearranged its cells using gastrulation

outer germ layer that forms the outer layer

the inner germ layer that lines the digestive tract

middle germ layer that partly fills the space between the endoderm and ectoderm

epidermis of skin, nervous and sensory systems, pituitary gland, adrenal medulla, jaws and teeth, germ cells

skeletal and muscular system, circulatory and lymphatic system

an extraembryonic membrane that forms around the embryo o that functions in gas exchange

an extraembryonic membrane that encloses the amniotic fluid

an extraembryonic membrane that encloses the yolk

an extraembryonic membrane that disposes of waste products and contributes to gas exchange

during organogenesis, what do the various regions of the germ layer develop into

what forms from the dorsal mesoderm early in vertebrate organogenesis

the neural plate soon curves inward, and forms the __ __

what do the neural tubes become

programmed cell death