APHG final (all units) pt 2.

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.

Christianity, Islam, Buddhism

Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

Become 1 of the 2 official languages in Israel, Hebrew used in many Jewish prayers, no other language could symbolically unify the disparate cultural groups in the new country and The Jewish population consisted of refugees and migrants from many countries who spoke many languages.

still used in specific contexts, but does not have any native speakers.

monotheism is a religion that believes in one god while polytheism is a religion that has multiple gods

hearth: Israel

2 billion adherents, known as Christians

Mainly in Western Hemisphere and Europe

Foundation is based on the 10 commandments

major branches: Catholics, Protestants, Eastern Orthodox

largest religion

architecture: church

hearth: Saudi Arabia (Mecca)

Founder: Muhammad

1.3 billion adherents, known as Muslims

foundation on the 5 pillars

Major branches: Sunnis, Shiites, Kurds

diffusion: Military conquest and intermarriage

fastest growing religion

architecture: mosques

hearth: NE India/Nepal

370 million adherents, known as Buddhists

Mainly in China and SE Asia

Foundation on 4 noble truths

Major branches: Mahyanists, Theravadists, Tattrayanists

Can also participate in another existing religion

architecture: Pagodas

pope- top \n archbishops-reports to pope \n Bishops-reports to archbishops \n Diocese- basic unit of geographic organization- the bishops headquarters \n Priests- report to bishops \n Parishes- What diocese are divided to and headed by a priest

expansion or relocation diffusion

overlapping of too many religions between Jews, Muslims, Christians.

isolation

The US has no official language.

spread by migration, conquest, and expansion diffusion

Religion tied to a specific location and/or ethnic group. Does not require new adherents

Hinduism and Judaism.

1. Christianity

2. Islam

3. Hinduism

4. Unaffiliated

5. Buddhism

lines that divide dialect

A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar of limited vocabulary of a lingua franca

hearth: India/Pakistan

800 million adherents

97% in India

polytheism

follow caste system and believe in Karma and reincarnation

hearth: Israel

14 million adherents

mainly clustered in Israel and US

Prevent on former USSR (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania)

Similar roots to Christianity and Islam

Ireland. Most of Ireland is Catholic and northern Ireland in spilt between protestant and catholic

African American (13%)- Southwest

Hispanic American (13%)- Southwest

Asian American (4%)- West

Native American (1%)- Southwest and plains states

1. Ethnic groups may live in a particular regions of the country

2. May want to live in particular neighborhoods within cities

a person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of crops

Poor urban area occupied primarily by minorities. When African American immigrants reached big cities clustering in 1 or 2 neighborhoods due to new jobs after World war 2.

Race is biological and ethnicity is the cultural aspect/category

Allowed segregation of Black, Jews, and Roman Catholics

When whites left their homes to where they knew would be a dominate white area because they were scared of blacks

They physical separation of different races in different areas. The white dominated government of South Africa repealed the apartheid laws in 1991. In 1994, Nelson Mandela became president of South Africa

Black-76% White-13% Asian-3% Mixed-13%

Nationality: the identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there

nationalism: the loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality.

Have by far one dominate ethnicity/nationality- 1 country and 1 ethnicity

The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

Qubec (province in Canada)- early 1980s strong French

Australia

Israel/Palestine

Native Americans

state that contains more than one ethnicity

Don’t necessarily try to appeal to every ethnicity- sometimes happy, sometimes not

Belgium

(Dutch=Flemish= North+French=Wallons=South)

states that contains 2 or more ethnic groups with traditions of self determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.

Try to appeal to every nationality/ethnicity (by giving the jobs)- get along just fine

UK (England+Scotland+Whales+N. Ireland)

real estate agents telling people that blacks or Indians were going to move next door to them so they could buy the peoples house for very cheap and sell it for double

states/countries breaking down through ethnic conflict- constant conflict

A geographic area that can’t be stable/happy because there are too many ethnicities and too much ugly history between.

Servia, Bozina, Balkan Peninsula

A territory that is legally tied to sovereign state rather than being completely independent

Europe.

The European portion of the roman empire was fragmented into a large number of estates owned by competing kings dukes, barons, and other nobles

Middle East, the fertile crsecent

City-states, Mesopotamia

sovereign states that compromise a town and the surrounding countryside

Only a few, most on islands in the Pacific or Caribbean

Eastern Orthodox (Christianity), Islam, and Buddhism

Compact: distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly

Fragmented: includes several discontinuous pieces of territory

Elongated: long, narrow shape

prorupted: compact state, with large projecting extension

perforated: completely surrounds another

International organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local governments (have a say so). Centripetal forces.

Ex: US

An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials (most necessarily bad, but no say so-only government)

Centrifugal forces.

Ex: UK

• A cooperation under the political category.

• Deals with military, economic, agricultural, etc.

• 5 members of the security council: Soviet Union, France, China, Great Britan United States

• Made after world war ll

• General assembly made from 117 member

A cooperation under the economic category.

Promotes development through economic cooperation (free trade, Euro, subsidizing)

Alliance of 27 european nations

the ability of a state to govern it territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states

The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally a year)

the total value of goods produced and services provided by a country during one year, equal to the gross domestic product plus the net income from foreign investments.

(goods and services earned aboard)

Indicator of the level of development for each country, constructed by the UN, combing income, literacy, education, and life expectancy

1. Primary economic activities:  extraction of raw materials and natural resources from the Earth's surface

   1. Examples:  mining, fishing, agriculture, Forestry

2. __Secondary economic activitie__s:  processing and Manufacturing raw materials into a finished product

   1. examples:  factories and Manufacturing

3. Tertiary economic activities:  service sector that focuses on moving, selling, and trading products and primary and secondary sectors.

   1. Examples:  retail, marketing, design, restaurants

   2. Divides into either Quaternary or Quinary

4. Quaternary economic activities: Knowledge-based sector, focusing on research and information creation and transfer

   1. Examples: Investment bankimg, real estate, college professors, education, software developers

5. Quinary Economic activities:  highest levels of decision making, includes top officials and government and business.  the decision impacts millions

   1. examples: Congress and CEOs

1. Traditionally society: the country has not yet started process of development

2. Preconditions for takeoff: country initiates innovative economic activities

3. Takeoff: Rapid growth in economic activities

4. Drive to maturity: modern technology diffuses

5. age of mass consumption: economy shifts to consumer goods

*model assumes that LDCS achieve development moving to higher stages

South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong to 1st adapt to international trade alternatives

Promoted development by concentrating on producing manufactured goods, especially clothing and electronics

self sufficiency: was the popular alternative for LDCs in most of 20th century, incomes in the countryside keep up with those in the city, reducing poverty is more important than creating wealthy consumers, fragile business can be independent and protected from business and governments in MDCs, set barriers limiting goods imported

International trade: a country develop economically concentrating scarce resources on expansion of its distinctive local industries

a company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located

a centripetal force is an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state

a centrifugal fore is an attitude that tends to break or make people fight and fall apart

Before 12,000 BC and in the Fertile Crescent

Fertile crescent: where agriculture 1st originated

Ethiopia: cultivated crops that became farming

Nile River: flooding of river gave nutrient rich silt over land

China: many agricultural communities near the great yellow river, rice

SE Asia: domestication of chicken and pig +rice farmed. Intensive farming is needed for survival

Mesoamerica: Wild plants, maize

• self sufficient, small in trade, low tech.

• food production in for family/local consumption (not for sale/trade)

• confined to small fields (likely do not own soil they till)

• small fields- sharecropper, low end money

• cultivators are poor but free

• can promote cohesiveness within society, share land, food surpluses

• ex of crops: corn,potatoes,cumbers

• regional, bigger scale, not yet commerical

• for profit

• ex of crops: rubber, pine, palm oil, cotton tobacco

• form of subsistence

• people shift from one field to another

• each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left to fallow for a long period of time

• cultivations: tropical forests are removed by cutting and burning→ ash helps soil ferity

form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount to effort to produce to maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land

form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals. live in dry climates

a form of commercial agriculture, in which livestock graze over an extensive areas. Semi arid or arid land. MDCs

seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures

• aka agribusiness and made for mass profit

• system of economic and political relationships that organize food production from the development of the genetic makeup of the seeds to the retailing and consumption of the agricultural product

• also development, harvesting, canning, and selling of crops

• ex of company that uses primary,secondary,tertiary job sectors

• diary products from commercial

• Use of GMOS

practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, avoid exhausting soil

aka shifting cultivation, fields are cleared by slashing vegetation and burning debris

degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily due to human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting

• Neolthitic era (12,000 yrs ago(

• Fertile Crescent, China, North Africa, SE asia, Latin America

• accompanied by modest population expulsion

• domestication of animals

• 1871-1914

• resulted from industrial revolution (produced new tech)

• ex: tractor, cotton grin

• Green revolution

• benefiting LDCs by introduction and production of fertilizers and pesticides into LDCs

• based on higher yields strains using genetic engineering

• failed in Africa (harsh and diverse environmental conditions, lack of infrastructure and gov. investment)

• environmental consequences (nature does not like monoculture, soil erosion + sanitation, chemical fertilizers harm water and hurt ecosystems)

• women excluded from learning or having decision making power to their lack of economic and social equality

• higher yields

• job opportunities are created in Agricultural and Industrial sector (not for women)

• decreased amount of human labor (Leads to specialization)

• GMOs (only made in post green) need to be purchases every year

• biotechnology

harvesting twice a year from the same field

Eastern North America, NW Europe, E Europe, E Asia

industry which the final product weights less or compromise a lower volume than the inputs.

Ex: copper concentration (pennies)

an industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.

Ex: soft drink bottling

a location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another

the slow digression of a city, usually occupied by low income people. The peripheral model helped to promote this because of the middle class people moving to the outskirts

banks purposely not giving loans to a certain low income area of a city

done by government, attract business, clean up city and help reputations

housing owned by government in the US, rented to low income residents, and the rents are set are 30% of families incomes

• Process of privately having high income people going to low income places and kicking the people out

• usually where houses are worn down

• high income build houses on edgy areas because they want to cut down on their commute

legally adding land. can be National or state scale

what makes a city work or operate '

ex: electricity, sewers, road ways

growth of suburbs due to transportation problems

area around the city that the city serves, the farthest distance a city is willing to serve

the spreading/adding to the metropolitan area (city and surrounding areas)

designed areas not allowed to be touched by development (parks, nature trails)

Sections of land that are designated natural areas, cannot be built upon on

instead of building outwards, builds upwards to save land. Increases population density, and save natural areas

Where all big business takes place in a city.

AKA node/nuclei

• little mini cities on the outskirts that are like the big cites

• Many in Atlanta

• typically a place without high residence area

• to become one, the city has to be newly devolved and business orinated (more jobs then homes)

• started in Europe

• Legal restriction of people in certain areas

• where populations of mixed income are confined to a certain area even though they might have the means and desire to move

Promotes each other.

The growing of industry and growing of population and population density of a city

Large metropolitan areas so close together that they now from one continuous urban complex, extending from north of Boston to South of Washington

Greek for great city

• a city that is the largest in its country, province, state, or region

• center of culture/attractions citizens

• have small or large scales

• America lacks a primate city