Studied by 46 peopleHuman interaction
the communication and interdependencies between people
Spatial interaction
identify the locations that are interacting
Distance decay
the exponential decline of an activity or a function with increasing distance from its point of origin
Critical distance
the distance beyond which cost, effort, and/or means play an overriding role in the willingness of people to travel
Friction of distance
distance reduced interaction
Territoriality
the persistent attachment of most animals to a specific area; the behavior associated with the defense of the home territory
Activity space
the area within which people move freely on heir rounds of regular activity
Spatial diffusion
the outward spread of something from its point of origin to other areas
Contagious diffusion
the spread from one area to others through contact and/or the exchange of information
Hierarchical diffusion
the process by which contacts between people and the resulting diffusion occurs
Size of interdependent population Distance between them
Factors and influences of spatial interaction
Distance decay
decline of an activity because of the distance from their location
Critical distance
the distance beyond which cost, effort, and means play an overriding role in the willingness of people to travel
Age Mobility Opportunity Interests Demands Mood
Friction of distance examples
There is more human interaction at short distances Large cities have more face-to-face communication and centers of innovation Further distances rely on news phone, and internet
What is the influence of big cities on instances of interaction?
contagious diffusion
the spread from one area to others through contact and/or the exchange of information
hierarchical diffusion
the process by which contacts between people and the resulting diffusion occurs
Contagious diffusion spreads because of proximity and hierarchical diffusion occurs in step from more innovative to people who are slow to adapt
difference between contagious and hierarchial diffusion
Intercontinental migration
movement across continents
Interregional migration
movement from one region to another
Intercontinental and interregional migration both include movements between countries and within countries due to individual and group assessments of improved economic prospects
similarities of intercontinental and interregional migration
Forced migration
forcibly induced movements of refugees and internationally displaced people
Involuntary migration
people who move because of kidnapping, trafficking for the purpose of international labor. Usually forced to move by organized persecution government pressure
Reluctant migration
uproots including refugees internally displaced persons and migrants
Push factors
negative home conditions that impel the decision to migrate
Lack of jobs Poverty Famine War Natural disasters
exmples of push factors
Food Safety Job opportunities Lower taxes More room
example of pull factors
Physical barriers
travel including seas, swamps deserts and natural features
Economic barriers
cost of both travel and establishing a residence elsewhere
Cultural factors
family, religious, and community relationships defy the principle of different opportunities
Channelized migration
areas are socially and economically tied to one another by past migration patterns, economic trade considerations, or some other affinity
Return migration
countermigration or the return of migrants to the regions from which they had earlier migrated
State
independent political unit occupying a defined and permanently populated territory and having full sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs
Nation
group of people with a common culture occupying a particular territory, bound together by strong sense of unity from shared beliefs and customs
Nation-state
a state whose territorial extent coincides with that occupied by a distinct nation or people
It does not have an established government nor permanent population
Why is Antarctica not considered a state?
European colonization influences borders and ethnic division by imposing their arbitrary new administrative divisions of the land. This meant the new divisions were not usually based on meaningful cultural or physical lines. Instead, the boundaries simply represented the limits of the colonizing empire’s power
How did European colonization influence borders and ethnic division in Africa, Asia, and the Americas?
Natural (physical) boundaries
recognizable physiographic features such as mountains, rivers, and lakes
Artificial (geometric) boundaries
sections of parallels of latitude or meridians of longitude
Antecedent boundary
drawn across an area before it is well populated and before cultural landscapes exist
Subsequent boundary
boundaries drawn after the development of the cultural landscape
Consequent (ethnographic) boundary
a border drawn to accommodate existing religions, linguistic, ethnic, or economic differences between countries
Superimposed boundary
forced up existing cultural landscapes, a country or a people by conquering or colonizing power that is unconcerned about pre existing cultural patterns
Nationalism
An identification with he state and the acceptance of national goals
india pakistan border
They use it to understand what factors make some regions extremely productive or some enterprises successful and others not.
purpose of economic geography
Primary
those that harvest or extract something from the earth
Agriculture Gathering industries Extractive industries
primary examples
Secondary
those that add value to materials by changing their form or combining them into more useful and therefore more valuable commodities
Manufacturing Processing Construction Power production
secondary examples
Tertiary
consist of those business and labor specializations that provide services to the general community and to the individual
Wholesale and retail trade Transportation and communication services Business services Finance, insurance, real estate Accounting, advertising, architecture, engineering, legal services Consumer services Eating and drinking establishments, personal services, tourism Education, fire protection, health care, nonprofit organizations, police
tertiary examples
Developing countries
tech advanced, many people in manufacturing and services, per capita income is high, education and life expectancy are high
USA
example of developing countries
Developed countries
less technologically advanced and have higher percentage of farmers, per capita income is low and so are literacy rates and life expectancy
GNI
measures the total domestic and foreign value added all of goods and services claimed by residents of a country during a year
PPP
purchasing power parity- takes account of variations in prices, between countries
Informal economy
Composed of activities that are unlicensed, lack of formal contracts, and generate unreported earnings
Extensive- involves large areas of land and minimal labor input per hectare, such as wheat farming. Both product per land unit and population densities are low
Nomadic herding and shifting cultivation
example of extensive agriculture
Intensive
involves the cultivation of small land holdings through the expenditure of great amounts of labor per acre, such as rice farming. Yields per units and population densities are both high
Color, temperature, and solubility
examples of intensive agriculture
Megacity
a very large city, typically one with a population of over ten million people
Urban agglomeration
an extended city or town area comprising the built-up area of a central place and any suburbs linked by continuous urban area
Tokyo, Japan Delhi, India Shanghai, China São Paulo, Brazil Mexico City, Mexico
What are the five largest urban agglomerations as of 2020?
Los Angeles and New York
In the U.S. what are the only two urban agglomerations with 10-15 million people?
Los Angeles
What is the only urban agglomeration in the western U.S.?
83%
What percentage of North America is urban as of 2020?
Industrialization fosters urbanization People flee impoverished areas- move from urban to rural
What are the two main causes of urbanization?
Favelas
Also known as shantytowns which are a deprived area on the outskirts of a town consisting of large numbers of crude dwellings, have different names across the world
highest homeless population in the US of more than 150,000 and contains 5,000 of homeless people
what is skid row?
They are nucleated, nonagricultural settlements
What is the common characteristic of urban areas?
Urbanized area
A landscape built up by landscape, defined by building and population densities with no reference to political boundaries. It may contain a central city and many contiguous cities, towns, suburbs, and other urban tracts
metropolitan areas
a large-scale functional entity, perhaps containing several urbanized areas, discontinuously built up but nonetheless operating as an integrated economic whole
commerce, cultural and recreational activities, transport and communication, manufacturing and administration
What are the main functions of urban areas?
Central place theory
Explains the size and location of settlements. In any given region there can only be one large central city, which is surrounded by a series of smaller cities, towns, and hamlets
Urban influence zone
the areas outside of a city that are still affected by it
Distance decay
as the distance from a city increases, the city’s influence on the surrounding countryside decreases
Basic sector
an urban area’s economic structure is made up of the activities of people that bring in money from outside the community. Engaged in export activities
Non Basic sector
involves goods and services produced for residents of the urban area itself
cities grow because the government provides jobs.
what happens once a government is established?
Ranking of cities is based on size and functional complexity From the bottom to the top-Increase in size of settlement the higher the population and more services as well as decrease in frequency
how is urban hierarchy ranked ?
Usually the capital city and a center of wealth and power Western europe: centers around royal court
Primate cities are where and in what regions
Developing
centered around colonial centers
New york and London
example of world cities
Walkable Mass transit Car
What are the three transportation networks in cities?
Highway systems Accessibility Price
What influenced the massive urban sprawl (cars, its cars)
Gentrification is the process by which middle and high income groups begin to go into lower income populations housing environments to buy and renovate homes. Portland is an example of this because the area was a low income environment. Well when higher class people began to buy and renovate homes in that area it forced a lot of the lower income people out of their homes because they were bought out or their rent went up so much they had to leave.
We are now seeing a trend in people moving back to the CBD and how that leads to cases of gentrification.
Economic geography
the study of how people earn their living, how livelihood systems vary from place to place, and how economic activities are spatially interrelated and linked
Raising ones own food, bartering, home sewing business, waste picking, sex work, shoe shining and forms of street vending
examples of an informal economy
For the government, it loses tax revenues that could fund schools, road improvements, and other public services
issues of an Informal economy
brazil
where are Favelas?
dangerous construction and lack of plumbing
issues of favelas?
Los angeles
where is skid row?
primate cities
A country's leading city, much larger and functionally more complex than any other
World Cities
One of a smaller number of interconnected internationally dominant centers that together control the global systems of finance and commerce
Note
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