Bio Lab Exam 1

1. fine adjustment

2. coarse adjustment

3. objective lenses

4. ocular

coarse adjustment

fine adjustment

objective lenses

oculars

• stage micrometer

• 1 space = 10 micrometers (μm)

• used to convert pixels to micrometers

ocular magnification x objective magnification (multiply objective lens magnification by 10)

• space between objective lens and slide

• the greater the magnification the less working distance

• amount of space that can be seen

• the greater the magnification the smaller field of view

• turn off

• rotate to 4x objective

LAS EZ

variable you manipulate in experiment (changes)

variable you measure to see if there was an effect

factors that are kept constant b/c they may change results

“there is no effect of independent variable on dependent variable”

Ex: there is no effect of music on studying habits

“independent will have blank affect on dependent variable”

changing one factor and observing its affect on another while keeping all other factors constant

scale = line distance / known distance

pixels/unit

size measured of cell in pixels

# of spaces x 10 μm

eukaryote is 6.642 times bigger than the prokaryote

• isolates pigment molecules from leaves of plant

• uses properties of molecules to separate the 4 pigment molecules

  • carotenes

  • xanthophylls

  • chlorophyll a

  • chlorophyll b

• uses non-polar solvent to dissolve non-polar pigments

• the higher it travels up the paper, the more polar/non polar it is (depends on the solvent)

Pigments would not dissolve and remain at the origin because water is polar

pigments will dissolve in solvent (leaves green liquid in jar)

distance of pigment from origin / distance of solvent from origin

Greater = more soluble

smaller = less soluble

• if solvent is polar, the higher it is the more polar it is

• if solvent is non-polar, the higher it is the more non-polar it is

• colors with no peaks are the colors reflected (we see the reflected color)

To convert pixels into micrometers so that we can measure cells at any magnification.

• 5mL

• 10mL

2 mL

• draw liquid up to 0 mL mark

• dispense to # needed

1. mash strawberry

2. add DNA extraction buffer

3. Filter

4. Meat tenderizer

5. alcohol

replicate breaking cell/disturbing membrane

soap: breaks down cell membrane

salt: stabilizes DNA molecules and removes proteins bound to DNA

remove large cellular debris (cell membrane/organelles)

releases DNA by breaking down histone proteins with digestive enzymes

DNA is not soluble in alcohol and will be able to be picked up.

• pure DNA sample has ratio of 1.8

• lower ratio = protein impurities

• monomer of nucleic acids (like DNA/RNA)

• contains 3 bases: nitrogenous, sugar, phosphate group

• 5 types: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil

• contains genetic information

• pentose (5 carbon) sugar

• backbone of nucleotide

• deoxyribose/ribose

• attached to sugar molecule

• 4 phosphate 1 oxygen

• negative charge stabilizes structure of nucleic acid

2 covalent bonds:

• glycosdic

• phosphodiester

covalent bond stronger than hydrogen bonds

hydrogen bonds, weaker than covalent bonds

A-T : two hydrogen bonds

C-G : three hydrogen bonds

sugar-phosphate backbone, which is hydrophilic

They run in opposite directions

• you can look at the orientation of the sugar molecules in the backbone. This creates a repeating pattern of a sugar-phosphate backbone with a free 5' phosphate group at one end and a free 3' hydroxyl group at the other end.

oxygen atoms

phosphorus atoms

carbon atoms

nitrogen

hydrogen

sugar (gray + red), base (central ring)