Medicinal Chemistry

• alter incoming sensory sensations

• alter a person’s moods or emotions

• alter the physiological state of the body including consciousness and coordination

drugs that are used for the treatment or prevention of disease

chemical substances taken for enjoyment, or leisure purposes, rather than for medicinal reasons

taken by the mouth

Vapor breathed in, smoking

Absorbed through skin and then goes into blood

inserted through rectum

Liquid administered into eyes and ears

Inject —> muscle, blood, or under the skin

• Intramuscular

• Subcutaneous

• Intravenous

drug is injected directly into the muscle

under the skin

directly to bloodstream: most rapid effect

fraction of the administered dosage of a drug that enters the blood stream thereby accessing the site of action

• how drug is administered

• polarity of drug

• type of functional group present in drug

Hydrophobic

they are unable to cross the cell membrane (made out of lipids)

they are insoluble in aqueous body fluids

100%

must be largely hydrophobic but have some solubility

ability to ionize and form hydrogen bonds

• Examples: carboxyl, hydroxyl, and amines

non-polar

Phenyl groups and Hydrocarbon chain (alkyl group)

Therapeutic window is the measure of the safety of a drug.

acetylsalicyclic acid

salicyclic acid + ethanoic anhydride —> aspirin + ethanoic acid

H2SO4 and H3PO4

low solubility

re-crystallization: dissolving the impure crystals in a small volume of hot ethanol

by its melting point or infrared spectrum

lowers it

by reacting with aqueous NaOH forming an ionic salt

soluble aspirin

soluble aspirin dissociates to form sodium ions and acetylsalicyclate ions

they form stronger dipole dipole interactions with H2O

no

a mild analgesic (pain killer)

blocks pain at the source of where aspirin was administered

by blocking the action of enzymes that produce prostaglandins (enzymes involved in the transmission of pain impulses to the brain, as well as causing fever and swelling)

class of drugs that work to prevent the blood from clotting

arthritis and rheumatism

bleeding of the lining of the stomach

drinking alcohol (ethanol) at the same time as taking aspirin

two drugs can have this effect if they increase each other’s effectiveness when taken together

group of antibiotics used to treat a range of bacterial infections

penicillin fungi

orally or through injection

1928 and by Alexander Fleming - a Scottish microbiologist

beta-lactam ring

sp3 - bond angle of 109.5 degrees

sp2 - bond angle of 120 degrees

breaks easily

by inhibiting the enzymes responsible for creating cross-links in the cell wall

the ring opens and binds irreversibly to the enzymes responsible for catalyzing cross-linking in the cell wall of the bacteria

osmotic pressure builds up causing the cell to burst

the ability of bacteria to resist the effect of antibiotics

caused by the misuse or overuse of antibiotics

• over prescription of penicillin for minor illness

• failure of patients to complete the course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor

Penicillin G

Penicillin V

Amoxcillin

Methicillin

reduces the occurrence of penicillin resistant bacteria

the action of penicillinase enzyme

a cocktail of different antibiotics are required

resistance to breakdown by stomach acid, therefore making the drug able to be administered orally

by injection

modified penicillin that can be taken orally

strong analgesics or painkillers. Examples: morphine and codeine

they temporarily bond to receptor sites in the brain, preventing the transmission of pain impulses without depressing the central nervous system

injury, heart attacks, and cancer

• provide relief of pain

• wide therapeutic window

• relive anxiety and improve quality of life

• administered intravenously —> faster distribution of drugs

• euphoria, lack of self-control, indulge in dangerous behavior

• regular usage leads to addiction

• user build tolerance requiring higher dosage upon prolonged use

• increased risks associated with intravenous drug administration

layer of tightly packed cells that protect the brain

restricts passage of substances from bloodstream into the brain

lipids:non-polar, hydrophilic molecules

non-polar and lipid soluble

codeine

diamorphine

morphine

reduce stomach acid

Hydrochloric acid: kills bacteria present in food and provides optimum pH for digestive enzymes

indigestion, heartburn, and stomach ulcers

weak bases: CaOH2 and MgCH2

they are harmful to the body

group of medicines are found in some brands of antacid medication

they produce a neutralizing layer which prevents acid in the stomach from rising into the esophagus (heartburn)

substance added to some antacids as an anti-foaming agent to prevent bloating and flatulence

inhibit the production of stomach acid

proton pump (PPIs) and H2 receptor blockers (antagonists)

inhibit the proton pumps in stomach

block histomine receptors in acid-producing cells in the stomach

yes

stomach ulcers and provide relief from symptoms of acid reflux

stimulates the secretion of stomach acid by interacting with the H2 receptors in the stomach lining

ozemprazole, PPI

ranitidine

sub-microscopic organisms that replicate inside the living cells of other organisms

protein coat and nucleic data (RNA or DNA)

virus