Botany Exam 1

1. Order - Atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, ecosystems

2. Sensitivity - Living things respond to stimuli, Different stimuli for different organisms

3. Growth and Development - Seed → Seedling → Plant

4. Energy Processing - Asexual/ Sexual

5. Regulation/ Homeostasis - Maintain internal conditions dispite environmental changes, like temp and pH

6. Evolution/ Adaptation - Change over time, have characterisitics that help with survival and reproduction

A proposed explanation for observed phenomena

An idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain facts or events

A statement that describes an observable occurence in nature that appears to always be true

Value is indepedent of the experiment outcome; Variable that is set by the experimenter.

VS

Value is dependent on the experimental outcome; What we are testing.

No, sometimes it is not possible to run a controlled experiment to collect data.

Group that does not have the independent variable, tests to ensure the value of the dependent variable is affected by the value of the independent variable

Quasi-experimental - Est. a cause and effect relationship between an independent and dependent variable

Descriptions rather than measurements

Recorded measurements, organized into tables and graphs

a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together

A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

Dehydration synthesis

Hydrolysis reactions

Because they are not made of repeating smaller molecules

Glycerol, triglycerol, phospholipids, and sterols

Monosaccharide and act as an energy source, help control blood glucose and insulin metabolism, participate in cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism, and help with fermentation.

Amino acids and helps repair and build your body's tissues. It drives metabolic reactions, maintains pH and fluid balance, and keeps the immune system strong. It also transports and stores nutrients and can act as an energy source.

Nucleotide and storage and expression of genomic information. Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, encodes the information cells need to make proteins.

Carboxlyic acid, anime, R group, and central C-H backbone

Structure

Structure

Structure

Structure

It’s R group

Chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Alpha helix or Beta pleated sheet

3D globular shape

Interactions with water, acids, and bases attracted to each other

Only occurs when the protein is made of more than one polypeptide chain

• Enzymes - Speed of chemical rxns

• Structure - Storage of amino acids

• Transport- Transport materials across materials

• Phophate group

• Sugar

• Base

DNA:

RNA:

1. Cells are the basic units of life

2. All living things are made up of cells

3. All cells come from other cells

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and do not have any organelles

DNA, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes

Region inside the cell, metabolism of the cell, cytoskeleton provides shape and structure to the cell and organelles

Control center of the cell (contains DNA), surrounded by nuclear envelope to control what enters through nuclear pores, chromatin contains DNA and proteins, Nucleoli produce ribosomes

Site of photosynthesis, surrounded by double membrane, thylakoids are stacked into grana, Stoma is liquid between DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes

SIte of cellular respirattion, double membrane, folds called cristae and liquid space in b/w is the matrix, has own DNA and ribosomes

Double membrane bound, 3 types, colorless and used for storage

• Amyloplast (store starch)

• Tannosomes (store tannins)

• Elaioplasts (store oils)

Store red, orange, yellow pigments

Small, spherical, single membrane, contain enzymes

Role in metabolism, development and stress responses

Membrane of nucleus

DNA + Proteins → chromatin

Maintain shape and structure of nucleus

Have RIBOSOMES

Protein production ends here

Transport of proteins

Membrane surrouding central vacuole

Cytoskeleton

Support structure

Movement internally

Tube passes through cell wall

Allows cytoplasm to pass through multiple cells lined w/ plasma membrane

Structure/suppport for outside of the cell

Used for storage of H2O, Na+, C6H12O6, and waste products

Glue between cell walls

Regulate materials going in and out of the cell

Connections between cells

Transport of material in cytoplasm

No RIBOSOMES

Lipid production/membrane assemby

H2O, Na+, enzymes, metabolic processes

Similar to golgi body

Package, process, and transport proteins

Works through vesicles

Surround nucleus

Ribsomes are produced

protein production

Cellulose form microfibrils

Pectin, lignin and Hemicellulose to the microfibrils together

Lignin - Support/Structure provides tension for full central vacoule for tugor pressure

Phospholipid bilayer - provides protection to the

Plasmodesmata - Transport of nutrients, water, and other molecules

1. Phospholipid bilayer - regulate what can pass through the membrane

2. Proteins - transport in/out of membrane

3. Carbs - glycolipids and glycoproteins used for identification

4. Sterols - maintain fluidity of the membrane

Allows some substances to cross more easily than others

Proton, nucleus, positive

Electron, orbits nucleus, negative

Neutron, inside of nucleus, neutral

Covalent: sharing of electrons

Ionic: transferring of electrons

Hydrogen: water type bonds (involves a hydrogen)

Adhesion, cohesion, high heat of vaporization, and high polarity

Molecules made of carbon and hydrogen (can include other elements)

Hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and sulfhydryl groups

Proteins, carbs, and lipids

Passive transport

1. Simple diffusion - movement of molecules across the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane

2. Facilitated diffusion - movement of molecules through proteins in the plasma membrane

Diffusion of water across the across a selectively permeable membrane

Solution has a high [] of solutes and a low concentration of water

• water leaves, turgor pressure decreases, cytoplasm shrinks, plant wilts

Solution has a similar solute to water [] ratio

• same amount of water flows in as out, equilibrium

Solution has a low [] of solute and a high [] of water

• water enters, turgor pressure increases, plant is upright