Design Tech - Topic 4 Vocab

Absorbed moisture

The moisture within timber that is contained in the cells’ walls.

Additive techniques

Manufacturing techniques that add material in order to create it.

Aesthetic appeal

Favourable in terms of appearance.

Aesthetic characteristics

Aspects of a product that relate to taste, texture, smell, and appearance.

Air drying

Placing the stacks of sawn timber in the open or in large sheds hence there is little control over the drying process

Alloy

A mixture that contains at least one metal. This can be a mixture of metals or a mixture of metals and nonmetals.

Assembly line production

A volume production process where products and components are moved continuously along a conveyor. As the product goes from one workstation to another, components are added until the final product is assembled.

Automated production

A volume production process involving machines controlled by computers

Batch production

Limited volume production (a set number of items to be produced).

Brittle

Breaks into numerous sharp shards.

Chemically inert

Lack of reactivity with other materials.

Composite

A material comprised of two or more constituent materials that have different properties.

Compressive strength

The ability of a material to withstand being pushed or squashed.

Continuous flow

A production method used to manufacture, produce, or process materials without interruption.

Craft production

A smallscale production process centered on manual skills.

Creep

The slow, permanent deformation of a solid material under the influence of mechanical stress.

Creosote

A material that penetrates the timber fibers protecting the integrity of the wood from attack from borer, woodlice, and fungal attack.

Cupping

A warp across the width of the face of the wood, in which the edges are higher or lower than the center.

Density

The mass per unit volume of a material. Its importance is in portability in terms of a product’s weight and size.

Design for assembly

Designing taking account of assembly at various levels, for example, component to component, components into subassemblies, and subassemblies into complete products.

Design for disassembly

Designing a product so that when it becomes obsolete it can easily and economically be taken apart, the components reused or repaired, and the materials recycled.

Design for manufacture

Designers design specifically for optimum use of existing manufacturing capability.

Design for materials

Designing in relation to materials during processing.

Design for process

Designing to enable the product to be manufactured using a specific manufacturing process, for example, injection molding.

Dry rot

When timber is subject to decay and attack by fungus.

Ductility

The ability of a material to be drawn or extruded into a wire or other extended shape.

Electrical resistivity

The measure of a material's ability to conduct electricity.

Electrorheostatic

This smart property relates to a fluid that can undergo a dramatic change in its viscosity when exposed to an electric field.

Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC)

Point at which the moisture content of wood achieves an equilibrium with the environment which can be affected by humidity and temperature.

Felting

A method for converting yarn into fabric by matting the fibres together.

First generation robots

A simple mechanical arm that has the ability to make precise motions at high speed. They need constant supervision by a human operator.

Free moisture

The moisture within timber that is contained within the cell cavities and intercellular spaces.

Glass

A hard, brittle, and typically transparent amorphous solid made by rapidly cooling a fusion of sand, soda, and lime.

Grain size (metals)

Can vary and be determined by heat treatment, particularly how quickly a metal is cooled. Quick cooling results in a small size, and slow cooling results in a large size. Can affect the density, tensile strength, and flexibility.

Hardness

The resistance a material offers to penetration or scratching.

Hardwood

The wood from a deciduous (broadleaved) tree.

Joining techniques

Methods that are used to join two similar or dissimilar materials together

Kiln seasoning

Thermally insulated chamber, a type of oven, which produces temperatures sufficient to complete some process, such as hardening, drying, or chemical changes.

Knitting

A method for converting a yarn into fabric by creating consecutive rows of interlocking loops of yarn.

Knots

Imperfections in timber, caused by the growth of branches in the tree that reduces its strength.

Lacemaking

A method for creating a decorative fabric that is woven into symmetrical patterns and figures.

Laminated boards

Sheets of material made from layers of veneers (e.g. plywood).

Laminated object manufacture (LOM)

A rapid prototyping systems that creates a 3D product by converting it into slices, cutting the slices out and joining the slices together.

Lamination

Covering the surface of a material with a thin sheet of another material typically for protection, preservation or aesthetic reasons.

Load capacity (Robots)

The weight a robot can manipulate.

Machine to machine (M2M)

Wired and wireless communication between similar devices.

Manmade timber

AKA engineered wood or composite wood, these are wood products that are made by binding or fixing strands, particles of fibres, veneers of boards of wood together with adhesives or other fixing methods to create composite materials. Typical examples include MDF, plywood and chipboard.

Mass

Relates to the amount of matter that is contained with a specific material.

Mass customization

A sophisticated CIM system that manufactures products to individual customer orders. The benefits of economy of scale are gained whether the order is for a single item or for thousands.

Mass production

The production of large amounts of standardized products on production lines, permitting very high rates of production per worker.

Material selection charts

A chart used to identify appropriate materials based on the desired properties.

Mechanical properties

Properties of a material that involve the relationship between stress and strain or a reaction to an applied force.

Mechanized production

A volume production process involving machines controlled by humans.

Multitask robots

A type of robot that can perform more than one task in a manufacturing environment.

Natural fibers

Materials produced by plants or animals that can be spun into a thread, rope or filament.

Nontoxic

Absence of toxic breakdown products/lack of reactivity.

One off production

An individual (often craftproduced) article or a prototype for larger scale production.

Oxidization resistance

A property of a metal that means that it does not readily react with oxygen and degrade.

Paper based rapid prototyping

Often the first step in a rapid prototyping process, it is widely used in UCD for designing and testing interfaces.

Particle boards

A material made from different sizes of wood chips and joined with glue.

Physical properties

Any property that is measurable that describes a state of materials, for example, mass, weight, volume, and density. These properties tend to be characteristic of materials that can be identified through nondestructive testing

Piezoelectricity

A property of a smart material. This material gives off a small electrical discharge when deformed.

Plasticity

The ability of a material to be changed in shape permanently.

Pultrusion

A continuous manufacturing process used to create composite materials that have a constant cross

Reforestation

The process of restoring tree cover to areas where woodlands or forests once existed. If this area never returns to its original state of vegetative cover the destructive process is called deforestation.

Seasoning

The commercial drying of timber which reduces the moisture content of wood.

Shape memory alloys

Metals that when deformed, can spring back into their original shape once released.

Shaping techniques

Manufacturing methods for modifying the shape of a material.

Single task robots

Robots that can perform one task only.

Smart material

Materials that have been designed to have one or more properties that can be modified when subject to external stimuli in a way that the output can be controlled.

Stiffness

The resistance of an elastic body to deflection by an applied force.

Strain

The response of a material due to stress, defined as the change in length divided by the original length.

Stress

A force on a material divided by the crosssectional area of that material.

Superalloys

An alloy that exhibits excellent mechanical strength, resistance to thermal creep deformation, good surface stability, and resistance to corrosion.

Synthetic fibers

Fibres made from a manmade material that are spun into a thread; the joining of monomers into polymers by the process of polymerization. Examples include polyester, acrylic, nylon, rayon, acetate, spandex, and Kevlar.

Tempering

A heat treating process designed to increase the toughness of an iron based metal by heating it and allowing it to cool in air. It decreases the hardness of the material, which usually increases the ductility and decreases the brittleness.

Tensile strength

The ability of a material to withstand pulling forces.

Thermal conductivity

The measure of how fast heat is conducted through a slab of material with a given temperature difference across the slab.

Thermal expansion

A measure of the degree of increase in dimensions when an object is heated. This can be measured by an increase in length, area or volume.

Thermoelectrcity

This refers to a smart material that when heated can produce an electric current. This material is comprised of two dissimilar conductors.

Thermoplastic

A type of plastic that can be heated and formed into a new shape repeatedly.

Third generation robots

Autonomous robots that can operate largely without supervision from a human. They have their own central control unit. Swarms of smaller autonomous robots also fit in this category.

Toughness

The ability of a material to resist the propagation of cracks.

Transparency

Ability to allow light to be transmitted with minimal scattering allowing a clear view through the material.

Twisting

A distortion in which the two ends of a material do not lie on the same plane.

Volume

The quantity of three dimensional space enclosed by a boundary, for example, the space that a substance solid, liquid, gas, or shape occupies or contains.

Warping

A distortion in wood caused by uneven drying, which results in the material bending or twisting.

Wasting/subtractive techniques

Manufacturing techniques that cut away material in order to create a component.

Weaving

The act of forming a sheet like material by interlacing long threads passing in one direction with others at a right angle to them.

Weight

Relies on mass and gravitational forces to provide measurable value.

Wood recycling

The process of turning waste timber into usable products.

Wood treatment

Involves using solutions to make wood poisonous to insects, fungus, and marine borers as well as protecting it from the weather.

Work envelope

A fixed 3D space where work activities take place, considering clearance and reach.

Work hardening

AKA strain hardening or cold working, this is the process of toughening a metal through plastic deformation.

Yarn

A long continuous length of interlocked synthetic or natural fibers.

Young's Modulus

A measure of the stiffness of an elastic material defined by stress/strain.

Kiln drying

Placing the stacks of sawn timber in a kiln, to reduce the moisture content in wood where the heat, air circulation, and humidity is closely controlled.

Second Generation Robots

Robots that are equipped with sensors that can provide information about their surroundings. They can synchronize with each other and do not require constant supervision by a human; however, they are controlled by an external control unit.

Softwood

The wood from a coniferous (evergreen) tree.

Bio Compatibility

The product ensures the continued health of a biological environment.