Studied by 20 peopleDrugs Made from Morphine
Codeine, Diamorphine
Common Name for Diamorphine
Heroin
Morphine & Its Derivatives, in Order of Polarity
Codeine (most polar), Morphine, Diamorphine (least polar)
Morphine & Its Derivatives, in Order of Potency
Diamorphine (most potent), Morphine, Codeine (least potent)
Why does polarity correlate with potency for morphine and its derivatives?
The brain is nonpolar, so lower polarity allows the drug to more easily enter the brain.
How to Make Codeine
Methylation reaction
Linkage in Codeine
Ether linkage
Function of Neurotransmitters
Communicate across synapses (gaps between neurons)
Endorphins
Natural pain relievers
Prodrug
A drug that becomes more active in the body
Prodrug Example
Codeine
Function of Antacid
Neutralizes HCl in the stomach
What do antacids contain?
Weak bases, often CaCO3
Buffer Acid Examples
H2CO3, HCO3-
Function of Agonists
Bind to a receptor
Function of Ranitidine
Blocks histamine receptors
Active Metabolite
A biologically active substance
Chemical Name for Aspirin
Acetylsalicylic Acid
Function of Aspirin
Relieves pain and inflammation, is an anti-coagulant and prophylactic (slows clotting)
What produces penicillin?
Fungi under stress
How to make aspirin?
Esterification reactions
How to purify aspirin
Recrystallization
How to test purity of aspirin
Melting point or IR spectroscopy
Analgesics
Pain relievers
Antipyretics
Fever reducers
What produces pain?
Prostaglandins
How does aspirin work?
Blocks production of prostaglandins
Myocardial Infarction
Heart attack
How does a stroke happen?
Arteries to brain become blocked
What type of medicine is penicillin?
Antibiotic
Key feature of all penicillin
The beta-lactam ring
How does penicillin work?
Binds to transpeptidase in bacteria and breaks the cell wall
What resists penicillin?
Penicillinase
How do viruses identify cells?
Though antigens on the cell
Viruses vs Bacteria: Which lives outside the host for longer?
Viruses
Function of Oseltamivir and Zanamivir
Anti-flu
How do Oseltamivir and Zanamivir work?
By inhibiting neuraminidase
Antigenic Drift
Mutation
Antigenic Shift
Hybridization
What is AIDS caused by?
HIB
What type of virus is HIV?
A retrovirus
How to treat retroviruses?
With antiretroviral treatments
Note
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