Final Review Sociology Old Tests 7-12

Jake receives a promotion at his law firm after winning an important case. This is an example of a:

a. Positive informal sanction

b. Negative informal sanction

c. Negative formal sanction

d. Positive formal sanction

What is the difference between a violent crime and a hate crime?

a. A violent crime is punishable in a court of law; a hate crime is not

b. A hate crime is punishable in a court of law; a violent crime is not

c. A hate crime is based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics

d. A violent crime is based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics

In general, which types of crime are most likely to have the most victims loss per act or series of acts?

a. Street crime

b. Corporate crime

c. International crime

d. Violent crime

What is an example of deviance?

a. Failing to signal a turn while driving

b. Laughing at an instructor's joke during a class

c. Waking up at 5 am to go for a run

d. Not noticing a phone call on a silenced device

Which of the following is not one of Robert Merton's response to the gap between having a socially accepted goal and having no socially accepted way to pursue it?

a. Ritualism

b. Innovation

c. Avoidance

d. Retreatism

Social control is:

a. A system that has the authority to make decisions based on law

b. An arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society's members base their daily lives

c. The regulation and enforcement of norms

d. A label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual

The majority of hate crimes reported to the police are based on

a. Gender

b. Religion

c. Sexual orientation

d. Race/ethnicity

In first grade, Scott is unfairly singled out by his teacher for bad behavior, partly because his older brothers had behavioral problems themselves. Throughout grade school, Scott gains a reputation as a "problem" child. Scott eventually drops out of school, thinking he was born to fail anyway. Which school of thought best fits Scott's experience?

a. Labeling theory

b. Differential association

c. Strain theory

d. Control theory

The term deviance can be defined as:

a. The regulation and enforcement of norms

b. A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law

c. act of notifying authorities when criminal acts are occurring

d. Social reward for the violation of norms

Functionalist Emile Durkheim believed some deviance within society was:

a. Insignificant; deviance within society is largely ignored

b. Necessary; it challenged people's views

c. Dangerous; it encouraged disruptive behavior

d. Instrumental; it encouraged the population to rebel

Which theorist studied the power elite and the influence they had over society?

a. C. Wright Mills

b. Carl Sagan

c. Karl Marx

d. Emile Durkheim

The theory that states that social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and deviance results from feeling disconnected from society is

a. Control theory

b. Labeling theory

c. Differential association

d. Strain theory

Ally's father was sent to prison when she was 12 for the trafficking of narcotics; her brother was arrested when she was 13 for possession of methamphetamine. By the age of 18, Ally has been arrested three times for possession of drugs. Which theory best describes Ally's experiences?

a. Strain theory

b. Opaque theory

c. Labeling theory

d. Differential association theory

From a functionalist perspective, when punishment of deviant behavior is public it serves to

a. Reinforce the idea that crime brings one publicity

b. Reaffirm the collective beliefs and values of the society

c. Protect the prosecutors from appearing unethical

d. Encourage future deviant behavior

The term secondary deviance can be defined as:

a. When positive formal sanctions cause an individual to deviate from society's expectations

b. When a violation of norms does not result in any long-term effects on the individual's self-image or interactions with others

c. When a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society

d. When negative informal sanctions encourage an individual to seek more positive behavioral choices

Which of the following is not a branch of the US Criminal Justice system?

a. The police

b. The courts

c. The jury

d. The corrections system

Which of the following types of crimes is the least likely to be rigorously enforced?

a. Victimless crimes

b. Property crimes

c. Personal crimes

D. Violent crimes

The term crime can be defined as:

a. An unintended consequence of necessary action

b. A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions

c. A sequence of events leading to incarceration

d. A harmful action directed at the authorities

Which of the following is an example of a negative informal sanction?

Eleanor being given a "Teacher of the Year" award for her work as a high school English teacher

Mario being sent to jail after robbing a CVS

Meredith receiving compliments on her hair after visiting the salon

Beatrix being booed off stage after telling an offensive joke during her comedy routine

Strain theory

a. Argues that morality is based on wealth

b. Addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals

c. Asserts that motivation and personal responsibility are the key factors in living a healthy lifestyle

d. States individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance

The position one holds in relation to the economic, political, social and cultural resources in a society is called one's ________

a. social class

b. cohort

c. social organization

d. social achievement

Hope is desperate for the new designer purse that she saw while window shopping at her local mall. She knew every girl in school would covet her bag and wish to be like her. When she walked in, she whipped out her credit card, and purchased the $5000 bag. This kind of purchasing is called:

a. Conspicuous consumption

b. Popular consumerism

c. Credit card consumerism

d. Designer consumerism

Social _______ refers to a society's categorization of its people into rankings based on factors like wealth, income, education, family background, and power

a. mobility

b. inequality

c. differentiation

d. stratification

Since the social classes in the US do not have any clear boundaries, how is a sociologists supposed to determine whether their subjects are in the upper class or the upper-middle class?

a. All upper class people enjoy opera and have been bred for their stations while the upper-middle class consists mostly of newly wealthy people who may not have had the same kind of upbringing.

b. In the upper class, everyone knows everyone, but in the upper-middle class, the people do not co-mingle.

c. Upper class is often defined as having control over one's life and the lives of people around you, while the upper-middle class is often defined as having control only over one's own life

d. The upper class is split into "old money" and "new money" people, while the upper-middle class simply struggles to maintain its wealth

It was time for Oli to marry. He had finished school and was starting a job. His parents chose a bride for him whose parents had the same amount of wealth and belonged to the same class as they did. Oli and his bride will have a(n) _______ marriage

a. Traditional

b. Unconventional

c. Endogenous

d. Exogamus

Charlotte was born to a lower class family in rural Pennsylvania. After taking a job in the mail room of a large corporate office, Charlotte is slowly promoted through the ranks and eventually becomes CEO of the company by the age of 50.  Compared to her parents, Charlotte's story demonstrates what type of social stratification?

a. Intra-generational mobility

b. Downward mobility

c. Structural mobility

d. Inter-generational mobility

What is the most significant threat to the relatively high standard of living people are accustomed to in the United States?

a. The stagnation of wages for workers

b. The growth of the upper class

c. The feminization of poverty

d. The decline of the middle class

In the United States, the lower class

a. have little formal education

b. includes the working poor

c. is disproportionately represented by people of color and women

d. All of these are correct

Cate is the daughter of a senator and the former CEO of a Fortune 500 company. Harry grew up on a farm, tilling the land for a living. They are planning a June wedding. They will have a(n) ______________ marriage.

a. Traditional

b. Exogamus

c. Endogamus

d. Unconventional

The Davis-Moore Thesis states:

a. That people constantly move up and down the social ladder, and this creates an unstable economy which will eventually collapse on itself.

b. That Karl Marx was correct and that stratification can only be solved by converting to a socialist government

c. That economic hardship and skyrocketing inflation is the cause for all social stratification in the United States

d. That the more society values a particular profession, the more the people in that profession will make

Elisa graduated from college with a double major and was inducted into the Phi Beta Kappa society. She was then offered a job in New York where she worked 12 hours a day and produced excellent results. Within two years she had over 100 employees working under her. Elisa's hard work was rewarded with a raise and a bonus. This form of promotion is based on the principles of

a. A meritocracy

b. A democracy

c. A closed stratification system

d. A caste system

What seems to be the key (although not the rule) to upward social mobility?

a. How well off your parents are

b. How much you spend on your personal appearance

c. How much education you have

d. How many jobs you work

GNI PPP, or gross national income divided by purchasing power parity, helps measure:

a. The average level of education per person in a country

b. The amount of inflation affecting a country's currency

c. The standard of living in a country

d. The average global interest rates for loans

A person's position in a country's social stratification is determined by:

a. Prestige, family, legal records, occupation, and favorite food

b. Clothes, accessories, hobbies, shoes, and number of credit cards

c. GNI PPP, GDP, GNI, the PRB, and standards of living

d. Wealth, power, income, race, and education

Beth is trying to determine what she owns and how much she owes in debt. From this she will be able to determine her ________

a. prestige

b. class position

c. income

d. wealth

Whose work do conflict theorists rely on to help form their arguments surrounding social stratification?

a. Karl Marx

b. Auguste Comte

c. Emile Durkheim

d. Rene Decartes

What is particularly unique about the United States middle class?

a. The upper class are as likely to become members of the lower class as members of the lower class are likely to become members of the upper class

b. The people who are middle class often have little to no education

c. It is broken into two subcategories: upper and lower middle class

d. It is the smallest class in the United States

The United States is assumed to be a _______, a system in which one's status is based on accomplishments.

a. democracy

b. pluralist society

c. meritocracy

d. status attainment society

Symbolic interactionists have come to the conclusion that

a. Only lower class people drink beer

b. Only upper class people can enjoy a good game of polo

c. Most people do not care about social rank and standing

d. Most people only socialize with people in their same social class

Which historical event was greatly responsible for global stratification as we see it today?

a. The Fall of the British Empire

b. The French Revolution

c. World War I

d. The Industrial Revolution

Max believes that most people's racial beliefs are based on images conveyed in popular media since many people never meet members of certain races for themselves. Max's perspective is:

a. Conflict theorist

b. Functionalist

c. Symbolic interactionist

d. Feminist

Prejudice is:

a. always positive

b. equally positive and negative

c. usually negative

d. neither positive nor negative

The 1967's Supreme Court case Loving v. Virginia, a case which legally allowed interracial marriage, is an example of

a, Stereotyping

b. Racism

c. Assimilation

d. Amalgamation

The term discrimination is defined in the text as:

a. An expression of dissatisfaction with the justice system

b. Biased thought based on flawed assumptions about a group of people

c. Prejudiced action against a group of people

d. The theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture

In 2010, what controversial Senate Bill 1070 propose, causing a series of protests and legal battles?

a. After being detained by New Mexico police, immigrants are given no rights by the authorities and may be held for weeks without being officially charged.

b. After being charged with a crime, Wisconsin courts can order legal immigrants back to their countries of origin

c. During a lawful stop, detention, or arrest, Arizona police officers may establish the immigration status of anyone they suspect may be here illegally

d. If suspected of illegal activity, Nevada police may search the home of any immigrant, or child of an immigrant, without a warrant

Which group within the United States has been stereotyped as the model minority?

a. The African American community

b. The Hispanic American community

c. The Asian American community

d. The Arab America community

Aiden attended religious private school for eight years before going to a public high school. While discussing literature, Aiden's teacher often makes references to the Bible without explaining them. The other students -- even those who are Christian -- do not understand the references, but Aiden knows them thoroughly. Relative to the other students, Aiden has:

a. Equity

b. Intersection

c. Privilege

d. Accessibility

When studying attitudes about policing in a community largely inhabited by people of one race and ethnicity, researchers see a very distinct difference between older people and younger people's responses, as well as distinct differences based on income level. What theory is associated with these outcomes?

a. Conflict theory

b. Pluralism

c. Functionalism

d. Intersection theory

Which of the following is an example of implicit bias?

a. A nightclub owner rejecting applicants for a front door security guard position because they are too small

b. A teacher asking the tallest child in the class to help them get something from a high shelf

c. A casting director for a radio advertisement rejecting an application because of the applicant's Asian sounding name

d. A judge decreeing that all women who appear in his courtroom must wear dresses or skirts

In order for a group to be considered an ethnic group they must

a. Have a shared system of norms and values

b. Share an identity and culture they see as different from that of others in society

c. Speak the same language as other members of the group

d. Look different than the members of other ethnic groups

In the United States, which race would be considered the dominant group?

a. White

b. Hispanic

c. Asian

d. Black

Cedric's uncle believes that racism and discrimination have made a positive impact on society - but only in the lives of those who are members of the dominant group. Which sociological perspective is Cedric's uncle coming from?

a. Functionalism

b. Conflict theory

c. Symbolic interactionism

d. Feminism

Angela believes that race relations in her country are poor because the ruling class has enacted various laws and regulations to keep other groups from achieving equality. With which sociological perspective does Angela's view best align?

a. Feminism

b. Symbolic interactionism

c. Conflict theory

d. Functionalism

Asad's first grade class is diverse: there are two students from Korea, five students from South America, two students from the United States, three students from Kuwait, a student from Mexico, two students from England, and five students from western Europe. Asad's class is:

a. Pluralistic

b. Profiled

c. Assimilated

d. Segregated

Which of the following is not an example of a stereotype?

a. Maria assuming her son-in-law is a heave drinker because he is Irish

b. Pedro assuming his neighbor likes rap music because he is African American

c. Cynthia believing her best friend to be good a math because she is Asian

d. Isaiah cooking his girlfriend a meat free dinner because she is a vegetarian

Adolf Hitler blaming Germany's pre-war problems on the Jewish population is an example of:

a. The social construction of race

b. Pluralism

c. The scapegoat theory

d. White privilege

Arizona Senate Bill 1070, often referred to colloquially as the "papers please" law, was aimed widely at those of

a. Mexican descent

b. Chinese descent

c. Irish descent

d. Middle Eastern descent

Which of the following is an example of racial steering?

a. Jose's parents not allowing him to date Martha because she is of a different race

b. Real estate agents directing white clients to look for housing in certain neighborhoods, and non-white clients to others

c. The Trail of Tears, when the United States government forced Native Americans to permanently leave their homes and territory

d. Kiki being told she'll be bad at math because she is a girl

According to the social construction of race school of thought, race is:

a. No longer in existence

b. Not biologically identifiable

c. Based only on geographic regions

d. A product of the media

While prejudice is an attitude, discrimination is _______

a. a belief

b. Overt behavior with an action

c. internal

d. hidden

The Equal Pay Act of 1963

a. requires education and experience to be the only factors used to determine pay

b. requires married fathers to be paid more than unmarried men

c. requires that men and women receive equal pay for equal work

d. requires companies to pay men and women equally within the company

What is the purpose of queer theory?

a. To examine the genetic differences between the heterosexual population and homosexual population

b. To purpose a series of federal laws that will put an end to many social inequalities

c. To question the ways society perceives and experiences sex, gender, and sexuality

d. To determine whether sexual orientation is a product of nature or nurture

In which country is sex education required in public schools?

a. England

b. The United States

c. Nigeria

d. Sweden

Tasha believes that gender is about the division of labor in the family. In the pre-industrial era, men were the hunger-gatherers an bread-winners, and women were keepers of the home. After World War II, changes in the family structure allowed women to become breadwinners also, alter the roles of the family. From what sociological perspective do Tasha's thoughts come?

a. Symbolic Interactionism

b. Conflict theory

c. Cyberfeminism

d. Structural functionalism

Gender dysphoria is

a. A condition where transgender people chose to alter their bodies

b. Distress felt by some people whose gender identity doesn't align with their sex assigned at birth

c. A form of homophobia

d. A form of sexual dysfunction

Which of the following is true about Intersex people?

a. They all have physical characteristics that differ from the usual ways people develop

b. They are consider transgender

c. None of the above

d. Their intersex characteristics can be discovered at any time in their lives

Biological determinism is:

a. The belief that men and women behave differently due to differences in their biology

b. An extreme or irrational aversion to people of a different sexual orientation

c. The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another

d. An individual's sense of being either masculine or feminine

When Wendy's sorority sisters discover that Wendy is a lesbian, they hold a secret meeting to decide if Wendy should still be allowed to pledge. A handful of the sisters vote "no." This is an example of:

a. Doing gender

b. Homophobia

c. Social imperialism

d. Bisexuality

What is the difference between sex and gender?

a. Sex refers to sexual orientation, and gender refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females

b. Sex is the extent to which one identifies as being either masculine or feminine, gender is biological characterization of anatomy

c. Sex refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females, while gender is the extent to which one identifies as being either masculine or feminine.

d. Sex refers to who a person is sexually attracted to, and gender refers to whom a person chooses to partner with

The term "doing gender" can be defined as:

a. When people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society and, in turn, themselves

b. Dating a member of the same sex to make a political statement

c. The refusal to participate in any tasks with gender-specific requirements

d. The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another

What is the significance of the Kinsey scale?

a. A religious test which classifies a person's sexuality

b. It is a definitive method for determining someone's sexual orientation

c. It established sexual orientation as a continuum instead of a set of exclusive categories

d. It is a definitive method for determining someone's gender identity

Jenny is given a doll for her 2nd birthday, while her brother, Tyrone, is given a fire truck. This is an example of gender ________

a. Stratification

b. Socialization

c. Indifference

d. Bending

What is the first agent of socialization?

a. Friends

b. School

c. Family

d. Media

The term sexual orientation can be defined as:

a. A person's biological gender

b. A person's deeply held attitudes and beliefs about sex

c. A phase which a person outgrows before entering heterosexuality

d. A person's emotional and sexual attraction to a particular sex

Chase grew up wanting to wear his sister's dresses instead of his brother's pants and button up shirts. When Chase turns 18, he decides to begin living as a woman, though he's still only sexually attracted to women. He decides he doesn't want to undergo surgery. Chase is:

a. Bisexual

b. Intersex

c. Homophobic

d. Transgender

When thinking about gender, Jeff sees men as the dominant social group and women the subordinate group. Exploitation of the subordinate group has created social problems, such as high rates of poverty among single mothers. Which sociological perspective best fit Jeff's views?

a. Cyberfeminism

b. Symbolic Interactionism

c. Structural functionalism

d. Conflict theory

According to _____ theory, norms that restrict sex to marriage encourage the formation of families

a. Conflict

b. Social exchange

c. functionalist

d. Symbolic interaction

Peggy accepts a job offer as an advertising copywriter. Her boss immediately assigns her campaigns for products such as makeup and cleaning products. Peggy asks for different clients, but her boss tells her she should stick to what she knows best. Peggy is experiencing:

a. Homophobia

b. Masochism

c. Sexism

d. Sexual orientation

What is meant by the "motherhood penalty"?

a. It is a belief that women who spend too much time at work cannot be good mothers

b. It is a belief that mothers will not be able to spend the appropriate time at work

c. It is a belief that women who are not good mothers should be punished

d. It is a belief that women's qualities as mothers conflict with competent professional qualities

Which of the following is not a product of gender stereotyping?

a. A teacher discouraging a female student from entering the military, suggesting nursing school instead

b. A music store employee encouraging a young woman to study the piano or flute instead of the drums or guitar

c. A father buying a basketball hoop for his daughter's eighth birthday

d. Keisha's mom encouraging her to take home economics over shop class so she can please her future husband