written authorial choices & grammatical devices

words starting with the same sound

helping verbs; auxiliary verbs: am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been, have, do, & modal verbs: may, shall, will, should, could, can, must

repetition of a vowel sound

repetition caused by words/phrases that start the same

referencing something outside of the text

informal language/ slang

idea or feeling evoked in addition to literal meaning

literal meaning of a word

appeals to ethics (may also refer to credibility)

mild/ indirect word choice around something sensitive

communicates a message different from the literal meaning

hinting towards a future event

a verb in the “-ing” form used as a noun (ex. i love running)

facts, opinions, questions; orders, advice; wishes

exaggerated statement

description that appeals to the senses

language that conveys the opposite of the message

the audience has more information than the characters

situational irony: gods or fate toy with the characters

two things placed closed together for contrast

appeal to logic (ex. using statistics and data)

words that are connected to each other and relating to one thing, think: word family

direct comparison of two unlike things

comparison using “like” or “as”

grammar rules about the arrangement of words in sentences

pairing two words that are opposites

appeal to emotion

illogical-appearing statement that requires further investigation to understand

things w human characteristics

object/ idea that has a deeper meaning

giving animals/ objects human emotion

short, personal story that illustrates a point

knows everything

only knows one perspective

level of certainty in the text (ex. high: will, or low: may), impacts audience understanding of the argument