Physics Paper 2

As an object travels through a fluid, a drag force acts on it

• Range is decreased

• Maximum Height is decreased

• Non-symmetrical

What the drag force and weight equal in direction and magnitude, the body will no longer accelerate and will fall at a constant velocity

When an object is either at rest or moving at constant velocity

An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion, unless an external force acts on it

F = m * a

For every action, there is an equal or opposite reaction

The energy that an object has because of its motion

The energy an object has because of its position in a gravitational field

The energy stored within a material when stretched or compressed

The amount of energy transferred when an external force causes an object to move over a certain distance

The rate of energy transfer

The average kinetic energy of molecules

0K

The sum of the total kinetic energy and total potential energy of particles

The energy transferred to 1kg of a substance, causing its temperature to increase by 1K

The energy required to change the phase of 1kg of substance from a solid to a liquid without any temperature change

The energy required to change the phase of 1kg of substance from a liquid to a gas without any temperature change

Falling temperature (Not lost of energy)

The force exerted per unit area

• Elastic collisions between molecules and the walls

• No intermolecular forces between the molecules between collisions

• Molecules are in constant random motion

• Low pressure

• Low density

• Moderate Temperature

Restoring force and acceleration are:

• Directed towards the equilibrium position

• Opposite to the direction of displacement

• Proportional to the displacement

The time duration of one complete cycle

The number of oscillations completed per unit time

The maximum value of the displacement

The value of the displacement at a specific time from it’s equilibrium position

Distance between two points of a wave that are in phase

Transverse and Longitudinal Waves

A wave where particles oscillate perpendicular to the direction of motion and energy transfer

• Does not need particles to propagate

• Henceforth, they can travel through a vacuum

A wave where particles oscillate parallel to the direction of motion and energy transfer

• Rarefactions and compressions

• Need particles to propagate

• Henceforth, they cannot travel through a vacuum

• Transverse waves (travels in a vacuum)

• Carry energy

• Speed = 3.0 × 10^8

• Longitudinal Waves (cannot travel in a vacuum)

• Carry energy

• Rarefactions and Compressions

A surface that travels with a wave and is perpendicular to the direction of the wave (the ray)

A line showing the direction of motion and energy transfer of a wave

Towards the normal

Away from the normal

When two or more waves meet, the total displacement is the sum of their individual displacements

Waves that superpose and have displacements in the same direction

Waves that superpose and have displacements in the opposite direction

Transverse waves which oscillate in any plane perpendicular to the direction of motion and energy transfer of the wave

Transverse waves which oscillate in one fixed plane perpendicular to the direction of motion and energy transfer of the wave

• Polarizing filters

• Reflection from a non-metallic plane surface

Partial plane polarization

• Only allows vertical polarized light to enter

• Horizontal polarized light is blocked

Intensity of unpolarized light is reduced due to polarization

A wave hits a boundary between two media, and does not pass through it, instead bounces back to the original medium

The change in direction of a wave when it crosses a boundary between two mediums of different density

Angle of incidence = Angle of refraction

n = c/v

The angle of incidence which results in the angle of refraction becoming 90o

The angle of refraction becomes 90o when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle

n2/n1

The spreading out of waves as they pass an obstruction

The energy is distributed over a larger area

Diffraction effect is less pronounced

Diffraction effect is more pronounced

• Have a constant phase difference

• Have the same frequency

Superposition of two anti-phase waves

• Same wavelength

• Same amplitude

The charge carried by an electric current of one ampere in one second

For a closed system, charge in constant

The rate of flow of charge

The magnitude of the electric force per unit charge

Radially outwards

Radially inwards

Current which flows through a circuit in one direction

The work done per unit charge

Multiply it by the elementary charge

Limits the flow of current

A resistor with a slider used to change it’s resistance

As temperature increases, the thermistor’s resistance decreases

As light intensity increases, the LDR’s resistance decreases

Makes the current flow in one direction

In series to (next to)

In parallel

An ammeter with zero resistance

A voltmeter with infinite resistance

An ammeter with a constant but non zero resistance

A voltmeter with a constant but finite resistance

A measure of the opposition of current flow in an electrical circuit

When energy is transferred into a resistor as internal energy

• Causes energy to be lost as heat

• Increases the resistance of the conductor

• Damages components in conductor

Due to collisions between electrons and lattice atoms within the metal conductor

Electrical energy is dissipated into thermal energy in the surroundings

Temperature

Increases

Decreases

Circuits that produce an output voltage as a fraction of its input voltage

• Provides a variable potential difference

• Splits the potential difference between two or more components

Current is directly proportional to potential difference

Current is not directly proportional to potential difference

Metal wire at constant temperature

Filament lamp

A source of electrical energy

Non-rechargeable

Rechargeable. The chemical reaction is reversed

From positive electrode to negative electrode (Cathode to Anode)